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从社会制度变迁的观点看,20世纪全球最重大的发展之一就是社会保障制度的普及。本世纪初只有少数几个欧洲国家通过立法建立了社会保障制度,到1995年,全球已经有165个国家和地区建立了程度不同的社会保障制度。 在人类社会制度变迁的历史上,与政治制度、经济制度相比,社会保障制度是年轻的。与家庭制度相比,社会保障的历史就显得更短。 有一种观点认为,家庭也属于社会保障的范畴,甚至出现所谓家庭保障的概念。这种提法根据不足,从制度角度看,二者有着本质的区别。家庭作为社会生活的细胞,是以婚姻为纽带形成的。家庭制度是人类社会形成最早的制度形式,除了与社会保障重合的功能部分外,还有生育甚至生产等极重要的功能。社会保障的基本特点是国家参与的再分配,这与家庭制度的特点是不相容的,不能将二者混为一谈。 但是从功能意义上看,两种制度有着共同之处,这就是为老年、儿童、妇女、残疾人、病人等需要帮助的人们提供生活保障。无论这种保障是通过家庭赡养关系实现,还是通过社会保障制度的社会再分配关系来实现,其结果都是一样的。正是在这个共同点上,我们来讨论二者的关系。 第一,在社会保障发展的历史上,出现过向家庭职能渗透的取向
From the point of view of changes in the social system, one of the most significant developments in the world in the 20th century is the popularization of the social security system. Only a few European countries established the social security system through legislation at the beginning of this century. By 1995, there were already 165 countries and regions in the world that have established different levels of social security systems. In the history of the change of human social system, compared with the political system and economic system, the social security system is young. Compared with the family system, the history of social security is even shorter. There is a view that families also belong to the category of social security and even the so-called concept of family security. According to the lack of such a formulation, from an institutional point of view, the two are essentially different. The family as a cell of social life is formed by marriage. The family system is the earliest institutional form of human society. Apart from its function of social security, it also has extremely important functions such as childbirth and even production. The basic feature of social security is the redistribution of state participation, which is incompatible with the characteristics of the family system and can not be confused. However, in terms of function, the two systems have something in common, which is to provide life support for the needy people such as the elderly, children, women, the disabled and the patients. Whether the guarantee is realized through family support or social redistribution through the social security system, the result is the same. It is on this common ground that we discuss the relationship between the two. First, in the history of the development of social security, there has been a tendency to infiltrate the family function