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工业化后期的结构调整是从投资驱动向创新驱动的机制性全面变革,其发展进程取决于教育水平、企业创新能力、产业整合能力和国际竞争力。本文从人口结构、城乡结构和教育结构等影响转型的关键因素出发,结合环境污染和自然资源瓶颈的制约,多角度分析中国的产业结构转换、经济转型特征。进入工业化中后期,产业结构调整造成低学历就业人数减少,高学历、高工资、高消费的就业模式越来越突出。教育与就业、总和生育率变化和代际顺承构成影响城镇化进程的重要因素,而自然资源瓶颈和环境污染倒逼经济发展方式进行调整。
The structural adjustment in the later stage of industrialization is a comprehensive and institutional change from investment-driven to innovation-driven, and its development depends on the level of education, the ability of enterprises to innovate, their ability to integrate industries and their international competitiveness. Based on the key factors such as population structure, urban and rural structure and educational structure that affect the transformation, combined with the constraints of environmental pollution and natural resource bottlenecks, this paper analyzes the characteristics of China’s industrial structure transformation and economic transformation from multiple perspectives. In the middle and later stages of industrialization, industrial restructuring has resulted in a decrease in the number of people with low education and employment. Employment models with high education, high wages and high consumption have become increasingly prominent. Education and employment, changes in the total fertility rate and intergenerational succession constitute important factors that affect the process of urbanization, while natural resource bottlenecks and environmental pollution are forcing adjustments in economic development.