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一、各国汇率制度演变沿革和特征 1.早期的垄断外贸体制和人为固定汇率苏联和东欧各国在50年代,实行的都是中央集权的计划经济。在传统的管理体制下,对外贸易由政府所垄断。有关的主管部门直接决定进出口商品的构成及贸易对象,所有的对外贸易都必须通过专门的外贸机构进行,企业和私人不得直接与外商进行贸易往来。企业在外贸中所获的外汇,一律上交有关部门,禁止企业和私人持有外汇。在这种外贸体制下,国内外市场之间似乎存在一堵墙,国内的价
I. Evolution and Characteristics of the Evolution of the Exchange Rate System of Various Countries 1. The Earliest Monopoly Foreign Trade System and Artificial Fixed Exchange Rate In the 1950s, the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries practiced the centrally planned economy. Under the traditional management system, foreign trade is monopolized by the government. The relevant competent department directly determines the composition of the imported and exported goods and the target of trade. All foreign trade must be conducted through a specialized foreign trade agency. Enterprises and private individuals may not trade directly with foreign investors. Foreign exchange earned by enterprises in foreign trade shall be turned over to the relevant departments for prohibiting enterprises and private individuals from holding foreign exchange. Under this system of foreign trade, there seems to be a wall between domestic and foreign markets, the domestic price