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目的:研究菊花植株干物质积累规律,及其对氮、磷、钾、钙和镁营养吸收与分配规律,以期为制定菊花科学施肥的栽培措施提供依据。方法:在菊花不同生育期进行取样,分别测定植株不同器官的干物质量,及其氮、磷、钾、钙和镁的含量。结果:菊花生育期内植株干物质积累量随着氮、磷、钾、钙和镁营养吸收与累积而线性增加。不同生育期,植株对各营养吸收与分配不同。营养生长期各营养元素主要集中在植株的叶中,随着植株由营养生长转向生殖生长,各营养将逐渐向蕾、花及根部分配与转移。其中,花芽分化期既是菊花植株干物质积累量最大的时期,也是其氮、磷、钾营养的最大效率期。生产上,每生产100 kg菊花药材需要吸收带走4.13 kg氮,0.37 kg磷,5.03 kg钾,3.03 kg钙,0.81 kg镁,各营养间吸收比例为N-P-K-Ca-Mg1∶0.09∶1.22∶0.73∶0.20。结论:花芽分化期是菊花植株生长发育最关键的时期,生产上要注意这一生育期植株矿质营养和水分的供应,以促进植株花芽分化和干物质累积。在施肥时,磷、钾肥要提早施用,而氮肥宜分次施用,并需适当补充钙、镁肥。
OBJECTIVE: To study the law of dry matter accumulation in chrysanthemum plants and its regulation of nutrient absorption and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, in order to provide the basis for the establishment of scientific measures for the fertilization of chrysanthemum. Methods: Samples were taken at different growth stages of chrysanthemum to determine the dry matter mass, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents of different organs of the plants. Results: The plant dry matter accumulation during the growth period of chrysanthemum increased linearly with the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium nutrients. Different growth stages, the plant absorption and distribution of different nutrients. Nutritional nutrients are mainly concentrated in the leaves of plants, with vegetative growth to reproductive growth, the nutrition will gradually bud, flower and root distribution and transfer. Among them, the flower bud differentiation period is not only the period when the dry matter accumulation of chrysanthemum plants is the largest, but also the maximum efficiency period of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrition. Production, each production of 100 kg of chrysanthemum need to absorb the absorption of 4.13 kg of nitrogen, 0.37 kg of phosphorus, 5.03 kg of potassium, 3.03 kg of calcium, 0.81 kg of magnesium, the ratio of absorption of nutrients for the nutrition NPK-Ca-Mg1: 0.09: 1.22: 0.73 : 0.20. Conclusion: Flower bud differentiation is the most crucial period for the growth and development of chrysanthemum plants. In production, attention should be paid to the supply of mineral nutrition and water in this growth period in order to promote flower bud differentiation and dry matter accumulation. When fertilizing, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied earlier, and nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in separate applications, and need to be properly supplemented with calcium and magnesium fertilizer.