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摘要: 采用八节点实体壳单元、电势沿厚度方向二次分布的压电单元以及等参热单元,为克服梯形自锁、厚度自锁以及剪切自锁,采用ANS和杂交应力元法,基于HellingerReissner广义变分原理建立了热机电耦合作用下的压电板壳动力学有限元方程。根据所建立的有限元方程分别对静态和动态问题进行计算,验证了模型具有相当高的有效性和精确性。同时验证了热流和电载荷联合作用对整片和分片铺设压电片结构的静动态特性的影响,在现有假设的前提下,热流作用仅影响机械场的载荷向量,而电场影响机械场的载荷和刚度向量。最后采用常增益负速度反馈控制方法对热机电耦合压电智能结构进行有效的主动振动控制。进一步引入“位移反馈”建立新的控制模式,消除了温度场效应所引起的平衡位置的偏移。关键词: 弹性振动; 压电结构; 热机电耦合; 负速度反馈控制; 应力杂交元
中图分类号: O326; TB381文献标志码: A文章编号: 10044523(2015)02021710
DOI:10.16385/j.cnki.issn.10044523.2015.02.007
引言
压电智能材料已被广泛应用于航空航天、机器人、精密仪器等众多领域,随着使用环境和精度要求的不断提高,热机电耦合作用下对压电板壳结构的研究更加深入。目前无论在理论分析、实验以及数值分析都进行了许多研究,但由于板壳结构的复杂性和实验条件的限制,主要采用数值分析方法,其中最常用的是有限元方法[1~4]。
对于板问题,主要有经典板理论,一阶剪切变形[5]和高阶剪切变形理论[6],由于压电智能层合结构各层之间的材料特性存在较大的差异,利用经典板理论得到的模型不能反应层间应力,为了得到更高精度的模型,广泛采用层合材料的高阶剪切理论。
在常规有限元计算中,层合板壳结构经常采用退化壳单元来离散位移场,但这种单元建立形函数时,需满足导数连续,计算复杂,且无法反映层间应力的分布情况。Sze和Yao[7]在建立位移单元时,采用了八节点和十八节点的六面体实体壳单元,并使用ANS(Assumed Natural Strain)法和杂交应力元法克服了薄板和薄壳的各种自锁问题。EAS(Enhanced Assumed Strain)法也可被用来克服厚度自锁[8]。基于胡海昌鹫津久原理的修正杂交元也被用来克服厚度自锁,但需要对更多的场量进行插值[9],过程较繁琐。实体壳单元在处理板壳问题时有独特的优越性,在几何和动态描述中简单,且均适用于板壳问题;当结构由实体和薄壁构成时,不需要进行实体单元和壳单元旋转量之间的变换,可以避免处理旋转单元。
在离散电场时,电势沿压电片厚度方向呈线性分布模型会丢失所谓的诱导电势,且有分析指出真正的电势分布沿厚度方向呈抛物线型[1, 10]。
离散温度场时,温差在厚度方向主要有线性分布和二次分布的两种插值方式,前者不能精确满足热边界条件,后者计算精度较高,但计算较繁琐[6]。对于等参热单元,既能满足边界条件,计算也相对简单[11]。
综上所述,本文研究热机电耦合智能材料静动态特性时,采用八节点实体板壳单元、二次电势单元和等参温差单元,并利用ANS法和杂交应力元法克服剪切自锁、梯形自锁和厚度自锁。本文研究电场和温度场对耦合智能结构静动态特性的影响,最后采用常增益负速度反馈控制方法对热机电耦合结构进行主动控制。
4总结
针对薄板或薄壳结构,本文将实体板壳单元和二次压电单元以及等参温差单元应用于热机电耦合材料的有限元分析中,采用ANS法和HS法克服实体板壳单元中的剪切自锁、厚度自锁和梯形自锁,避免了复杂的旋转量计算。通过HellingerReissner广义变分原理建立了耦合系统的有限元方程,数值计算了热机电耦合对结构形变的影响,并采用负速度反馈控制方法对结构的形变进行主动控制。
通过对耦合有限元模型的算例分析得到了电场、温度场对结构形变、频率、动态响应的影响。在现有假设的基础上,温度场仅影响机械场中的载荷,对结构的自然频率无影响。电场会引起机械场中刚度矩阵和载荷向量的变化,使得结构的自然频率改变。
利用作动器和感应器的性质,对结构的振动可进行负速度反馈控制时,温度场效应会引起平衡位置的偏移,在传感器电势速度反馈基础上增加电势位移反馈,可以消除这种偏移。
参考文献:
[1]Benjeddou A. Advances in piezoelectric finite element modeling of adaptive structural elements: a survey[J]. Computers & Structures, 2000, 76(13): 347—363.
[2]Wang X B, Liu Y H, Gao W, et al. Mixed piezothermoelastic finite element model for thunder actuators[J]. AIAA Journal, 2011, 49(10): 2 100—2 108.
[3]Tzou H S, Ding J H. Optimal control of precision paraboloidal shell structronic systems[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2004, 276(12): 273—291.
[4]Mossi K, Mouhli M, Smith B F, et al. Shape modeling and validation of stressbiased piezoelectric actuators[J]. Smart Materials & Structures, 2006, 15(6): 1 785—1 793. [5]Kapuria S, Sengupta S, Dumir P C. Assessment of shell theories for hybrid piezoelectric cylindrical shell under electromechanical load[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 1998, 40(5): 461—477.
[6]Gu H Z, Chattopadhyay A, Li J M, et al. A higher order temperature theory for coupled thermopiezoelectricmechanical modeling of smart composites[J]. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2000, 37(44): 6 479—6 497.
[7]Sze K Y, Yao L Q. Modelling smart structures with segmented piezoelectric sensors and actuators[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2000, 235(3): 495—520.
[8]Zheng S J, Dai F, Song Z. Active control of piezothermoelastic FGM shells using integrated piezoelectric sensor/actuator layers[J]. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. 2009, 30(1/2): 107—124.
[9]Zheng S J, Wang X W, Chen W J. The formulation of a refined hybrid enhanced assumed strain solid shell element and its application to model smart structures containing distributed piezoelectric sensors/actuators[J]. Smart Materials & Structures, 2004, 13(4): N43—N50.
[10]Fernandes A, Pouget J. Accurate modelling of piezoelectric plates: singlelayered plate[J]. Archive of Applied Mechanics, 2001, 71(8): 509—524.
[11]王小兵,陈建军,谢永强,等. 热机电耦合智能板结构的随机性分析[J]. 机械工程学报, 2008, 44(4): 21—28, 35.
Wang Xiaobing, Chen Jianjun, Xie Yongqiang, et al. Randomicity analysis of piezothermoelasticity intelligent plate[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2008, 44(4): 21—28, 35.
[12]Yao L Q, Sze K Y. A hybridstress solidshell element for nonlinear analysis of piezoelectric structures[J]. Science in China Series e—Technological Sciences, 2009, 52(3): 575—583.
[13]Sze K Y, Yao L Q. A hybrid stress ANS solidshell element and its generalization for smart structure modelling. Part I solidshell element formulation[J]. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2000, 48(4): 545—564.
[14]夏爱宏. 非对称压电层合板热机电耦合分析研究[D]. 西安:西安电子科技大学, 2005.
Xia Aihong. Research on thermopiezoelectricmechanical coupling analysis of unsymmetrical piezoelectric laminated plate[D]. Xi′an : Xidian University, 2005.
[15]Yao L Q, Lu L. Hybridstabilized solidshell model of laminated composite piezoelectric structures under nonlinear distribution of electric potential through thickness[J]. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2003, 58(10): 1 499—1 522.
[16]Tzou H S, Ye R. Piezothermoelasticty and precision control of piezoelectric systemstheory and finiteelement analysis[J]. Journal of Vibration and AcousticsTransactions of the ASME, 1994, 116(4): 489—495. [17]Tzou H S. Distributed modal identification and vibration control of continuetheory and applications[J]. Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and ControlTransactions of the ASME, 1991, 113(3): 494—499.
[18]Jiang J P, Li D X. A new finite element model for piezothermoelastic composite beam[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2007, 306(35): 849—864.
Abstract: An eightnode solidshell element, a nonlinear distributed electric potential element and an isoparametric thermal element have been used to formulate the coupled thermopiezoelectricmechanical model of plates and shells based on the HellingerReissne variational principle. Hybrid stress and assumed natural strain are adopted to immune to shear, membrane, trapezoidal, thickness lockings. According to the present model, the static and dynamic problems of overall and distributed piezoelectric sensor/actuator are calculated. The numerical results show that the proposed model has well effective and accurate. The effect of environmental factors such as electric, thermal load can be validated by the related examples in which thermal load only effects mechanical load and electric load effects both mechanical load and stiffness. Then the active control of piezothermoelastic systems is obtained by the method of negative velocity feedback. Further, modify feedback control method with displacement feedback added is provided in order to eliminate the gap caused by thermal load.
Key words:elastic vibration; piezoelectric structures; piezothermoelasticity; negative velocity feedback control; hybrid stress element
中图分类号: O326; TB381文献标志码: A文章编号: 10044523(2015)02021710
DOI:10.16385/j.cnki.issn.10044523.2015.02.007
引言
压电智能材料已被广泛应用于航空航天、机器人、精密仪器等众多领域,随着使用环境和精度要求的不断提高,热机电耦合作用下对压电板壳结构的研究更加深入。目前无论在理论分析、实验以及数值分析都进行了许多研究,但由于板壳结构的复杂性和实验条件的限制,主要采用数值分析方法,其中最常用的是有限元方法[1~4]。
对于板问题,主要有经典板理论,一阶剪切变形[5]和高阶剪切变形理论[6],由于压电智能层合结构各层之间的材料特性存在较大的差异,利用经典板理论得到的模型不能反应层间应力,为了得到更高精度的模型,广泛采用层合材料的高阶剪切理论。
在常规有限元计算中,层合板壳结构经常采用退化壳单元来离散位移场,但这种单元建立形函数时,需满足导数连续,计算复杂,且无法反映层间应力的分布情况。Sze和Yao[7]在建立位移单元时,采用了八节点和十八节点的六面体实体壳单元,并使用ANS(Assumed Natural Strain)法和杂交应力元法克服了薄板和薄壳的各种自锁问题。EAS(Enhanced Assumed Strain)法也可被用来克服厚度自锁[8]。基于胡海昌鹫津久原理的修正杂交元也被用来克服厚度自锁,但需要对更多的场量进行插值[9],过程较繁琐。实体壳单元在处理板壳问题时有独特的优越性,在几何和动态描述中简单,且均适用于板壳问题;当结构由实体和薄壁构成时,不需要进行实体单元和壳单元旋转量之间的变换,可以避免处理旋转单元。
在离散电场时,电势沿压电片厚度方向呈线性分布模型会丢失所谓的诱导电势,且有分析指出真正的电势分布沿厚度方向呈抛物线型[1, 10]。
离散温度场时,温差在厚度方向主要有线性分布和二次分布的两种插值方式,前者不能精确满足热边界条件,后者计算精度较高,但计算较繁琐[6]。对于等参热单元,既能满足边界条件,计算也相对简单[11]。
综上所述,本文研究热机电耦合智能材料静动态特性时,采用八节点实体板壳单元、二次电势单元和等参温差单元,并利用ANS法和杂交应力元法克服剪切自锁、梯形自锁和厚度自锁。本文研究电场和温度场对耦合智能结构静动态特性的影响,最后采用常增益负速度反馈控制方法对热机电耦合结构进行主动控制。
4总结
针对薄板或薄壳结构,本文将实体板壳单元和二次压电单元以及等参温差单元应用于热机电耦合材料的有限元分析中,采用ANS法和HS法克服实体板壳单元中的剪切自锁、厚度自锁和梯形自锁,避免了复杂的旋转量计算。通过HellingerReissner广义变分原理建立了耦合系统的有限元方程,数值计算了热机电耦合对结构形变的影响,并采用负速度反馈控制方法对结构的形变进行主动控制。
通过对耦合有限元模型的算例分析得到了电场、温度场对结构形变、频率、动态响应的影响。在现有假设的基础上,温度场仅影响机械场中的载荷,对结构的自然频率无影响。电场会引起机械场中刚度矩阵和载荷向量的变化,使得结构的自然频率改变。
利用作动器和感应器的性质,对结构的振动可进行负速度反馈控制时,温度场效应会引起平衡位置的偏移,在传感器电势速度反馈基础上增加电势位移反馈,可以消除这种偏移。
参考文献:
[1]Benjeddou A. Advances in piezoelectric finite element modeling of adaptive structural elements: a survey[J]. Computers & Structures, 2000, 76(13): 347—363.
[2]Wang X B, Liu Y H, Gao W, et al. Mixed piezothermoelastic finite element model for thunder actuators[J]. AIAA Journal, 2011, 49(10): 2 100—2 108.
[3]Tzou H S, Ding J H. Optimal control of precision paraboloidal shell structronic systems[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2004, 276(12): 273—291.
[4]Mossi K, Mouhli M, Smith B F, et al. Shape modeling and validation of stressbiased piezoelectric actuators[J]. Smart Materials & Structures, 2006, 15(6): 1 785—1 793. [5]Kapuria S, Sengupta S, Dumir P C. Assessment of shell theories for hybrid piezoelectric cylindrical shell under electromechanical load[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 1998, 40(5): 461—477.
[6]Gu H Z, Chattopadhyay A, Li J M, et al. A higher order temperature theory for coupled thermopiezoelectricmechanical modeling of smart composites[J]. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2000, 37(44): 6 479—6 497.
[7]Sze K Y, Yao L Q. Modelling smart structures with segmented piezoelectric sensors and actuators[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2000, 235(3): 495—520.
[8]Zheng S J, Dai F, Song Z. Active control of piezothermoelastic FGM shells using integrated piezoelectric sensor/actuator layers[J]. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. 2009, 30(1/2): 107—124.
[9]Zheng S J, Wang X W, Chen W J. The formulation of a refined hybrid enhanced assumed strain solid shell element and its application to model smart structures containing distributed piezoelectric sensors/actuators[J]. Smart Materials & Structures, 2004, 13(4): N43—N50.
[10]Fernandes A, Pouget J. Accurate modelling of piezoelectric plates: singlelayered plate[J]. Archive of Applied Mechanics, 2001, 71(8): 509—524.
[11]王小兵,陈建军,谢永强,等. 热机电耦合智能板结构的随机性分析[J]. 机械工程学报, 2008, 44(4): 21—28, 35.
Wang Xiaobing, Chen Jianjun, Xie Yongqiang, et al. Randomicity analysis of piezothermoelasticity intelligent plate[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2008, 44(4): 21—28, 35.
[12]Yao L Q, Sze K Y. A hybridstress solidshell element for nonlinear analysis of piezoelectric structures[J]. Science in China Series e—Technological Sciences, 2009, 52(3): 575—583.
[13]Sze K Y, Yao L Q. A hybrid stress ANS solidshell element and its generalization for smart structure modelling. Part I solidshell element formulation[J]. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2000, 48(4): 545—564.
[14]夏爱宏. 非对称压电层合板热机电耦合分析研究[D]. 西安:西安电子科技大学, 2005.
Xia Aihong. Research on thermopiezoelectricmechanical coupling analysis of unsymmetrical piezoelectric laminated plate[D]. Xi′an : Xidian University, 2005.
[15]Yao L Q, Lu L. Hybridstabilized solidshell model of laminated composite piezoelectric structures under nonlinear distribution of electric potential through thickness[J]. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2003, 58(10): 1 499—1 522.
[16]Tzou H S, Ye R. Piezothermoelasticty and precision control of piezoelectric systemstheory and finiteelement analysis[J]. Journal of Vibration and AcousticsTransactions of the ASME, 1994, 116(4): 489—495. [17]Tzou H S. Distributed modal identification and vibration control of continuetheory and applications[J]. Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and ControlTransactions of the ASME, 1991, 113(3): 494—499.
[18]Jiang J P, Li D X. A new finite element model for piezothermoelastic composite beam[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2007, 306(35): 849—864.
Abstract: An eightnode solidshell element, a nonlinear distributed electric potential element and an isoparametric thermal element have been used to formulate the coupled thermopiezoelectricmechanical model of plates and shells based on the HellingerReissne variational principle. Hybrid stress and assumed natural strain are adopted to immune to shear, membrane, trapezoidal, thickness lockings. According to the present model, the static and dynamic problems of overall and distributed piezoelectric sensor/actuator are calculated. The numerical results show that the proposed model has well effective and accurate. The effect of environmental factors such as electric, thermal load can be validated by the related examples in which thermal load only effects mechanical load and electric load effects both mechanical load and stiffness. Then the active control of piezothermoelastic systems is obtained by the method of negative velocity feedback. Further, modify feedback control method with displacement feedback added is provided in order to eliminate the gap caused by thermal load.
Key words:elastic vibration; piezoelectric structures; piezothermoelasticity; negative velocity feedback control; hybrid stress element