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近来,科学家设计合成了系列分子水平的陀螺。类似于儿童玩具陀螺仪,这种分子陀螺由一个转子、一个定子框架和连接定子和转子的轴组成。定子框架通过自身的刚性结构为中心转子的转动提供足够的内在自由度,得以对内部的转子实施保护,并使得分子陀螺成为一个理想的分子转子。当转子上有偶极矩时,则可能在外来电、磁、光的刺激下进行定向转动,成为分子马达。化学家们通过X射线晶体衍射技术、动态核磁技术、理论计算化学、热力学分析等方法表征了分子陀螺的各种特征,并积极探索其潜在的应用价值。本文着重介绍分子陀螺以及超分子陀螺的发展历史和研究进展。
Recently, scientists designed and synthesized a series of molecular levels of gyroscopes. Similar to a children’s toy gyroscope, this gyro consists of a rotor, a stator frame and an axis connecting the stator and the rotor. The stator frame provides enough internal freedom for the rotation of the central rotor through its own rigid structure to protect the internal rotor and make the molecular gyroscope an ideal molecular rotor. When the rotor has a dipole moment, it may be in the external electrical, magnetic, light stimulation directional rotation, a molecular motor. Chemists have characterized various features of molecular gyroscopes by means of X-ray crystal diffraction, dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical computational chemistry, and thermodynamic analysis, and have actively explored their potential applications. This article focuses on the development history and research progress of molecular gyros and supramolecular gyroscopes.