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挖土机是一种土方机械,有单斗挖土机,有多斗挖土机。在土方工程中,挖土机占有很重要的位置,苏联的建设工程中有80％的土方是由挖土机完成的,其中单斗挖土机的用途最广。挖土机大都是用内燃机(柴油机及汽油机)作为动力的,但也有用蒸汽机的;在有电源的地方,还有采用以电动机为动力的挖土机。按行走装置来区分,挖土机有履带式、轮胎式、轨道式和步行式等种。在公路工程中,履带式单斗挖土机最为合用。图一是苏联Э—505型挖土机的剖视图。发动机(1)发出的动力,分成两路工作:一路是操纵作业设备,即通过绞盘(3)和(4),绞动钢索,使铲臂(5)可以升降,土斗柄(7)能前后伸缩,铲土斗(6)可以起落;另一路是操纵行走装置和迴转机构的,动力经逆转机构(2)以及各传动齿轮,可以使转盘(10)左右迴转,也可以驱动履带(9)使机体前进或后退。
Excavator is a earth-moving machinery, a single bucket excavator, bucket excavator more. Excavators occupy a very important place in earthworks. 80% of the construction work in the Soviet Union is completed by excavators, of which the single-bucket excavator is the most widely used. Excavators are mostly powered by internal combustion engines (diesel and gasoline engines), but are also useful for steam engines; there are also powered motor-powered excavators where power is available. By walking device to distinguish, excavators have crawler, tire type, rail and pedestrian and other species. In highway engineering, crawler single bucket excavator is the most suitable. Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of the Soviet Э-505 excavator. The power generated by the engine (1) is divided into two jobs: one is to operate the working equipment, that is, winch (5) can be raised and lowered through the winches (3) and (4) (6) can rise and fall; the other way is to manipulate the walking device and the slewing mechanism, the power through the reversing mechanism (2) and the transmission gear, you can turn the turntable (10) left or right, you can also drive Track (9) to move the body forward or backward.