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【Abstract】This paper briefly analyzes the “labeling effect” and its influences on students, discusses the significance of positive labels. The author has also put forward some suggestions on how to carry out “labeling effect” to promote students’ benign development during English teaching process.
【Key words】labeling effect positive labels benign development English teaching process
【中图分类号】H319【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1001-4128（2011）05-0059-02
1 Introduction
What is “labeling effect”？ When shopping around, the labels on the goods will influence our determination about its value. Exactly the same two pieces of goods, if indicate different prices, you will find different reasons for the price on them. For instance, priced higher commodity locates many advantages, but in lower priced goods you find many shortcomings, that is, label will lead the thinking direction, this is the so-called labeling effect.
When a person is labeled by some specific nouns, He would make self impression management and he would be implied to show corresponding behaviors. This phenomenon is caused by labeling. Labeling has both positive and negative effect on persons, it can guide one to be a better person as well as misguide one out of conduct. In recent years, some educationists have also found that labeling can greatly affect children’s thinking and behavior in family education and elementary education. As a teacher in independent college, according to the teaching experience, the author found that labeling also has strong effect on college students especially in English learning.
2 Case Study
The second semester of 2009, the author took over two new classes. The interesting thing was that it were two complete opposite classes, and it was also a big challenging. Since the graded teaching has been implented in our school. One of them is class A, which has better english level and the other is class B , is said to be a badly behaved class, and this difficult class got out of hand when the former teacher was put in charge.
Firstly, let’s see Class A. Because of their major, to teach Chinese as a second language, they have great motivation and interests in learning English. They are very active in class and eager to do presentation. Many students come to classroom early to account for seat in the front. Therefore, the teaching process in this class carried on smoothly. The author tried to tell them about their advantages and find more. The teacher set 5 minutes for them at the very beginning of each class they can say anything they like as a presentation, a poem, a sentence from an essay, latest news, a song or even a popular star etc., everybody has the chance to perform. For individual, the author tried to foster their strengths and circumvent their weaknesses. To those who can use the language fluently, there were often asked to speak or do some report. To those who can not express easily in English they were just asked to read more. To those who have a good pronounciation they were often asked to recite some beautiful essays or poems and make some public speech in front of the class. To those who have a good writing, their papers were read to the class as model essays. The most important is, the teache never hide her expectations and appreciations for them. By the end of the semester, all of the class has passed the final examination, 3 of them made their way into the final of the speaking contest in the college.
On the contrary, class B is really different. most of them are not interested in English at all. The anthor found the most words they said when they were asked to do some speech or presentation is “Sorry, I don’t know” or “sorry, my English is poor”. Even worse, the author noticed that no one want to sit in the front of the classroom, almost 3 rows were left empty, all of them want to sit in the back or in the corner because they fear to perform and to answer the questions. Fear is the biggest enemy during the learning process. It seems difficult at first. Then how to conduct this kind of class？ The author tried to change the way of teaching, lower down the expectation of the students. If they can not speak, the author just let them read if they can not create, the author just let them recite. If they can not write down the whole sentences while dictation, the author just dictate them words. By giving them much easier materials and encouraging every little effort of them, their confidence had been built gradually. By the end of the semester, 43% of the classes have passed the final examination, 23%higher than the term before.
3 The Significances of the Positive Labeling Effect
Through the case study, we know that Positive labels can produce a certain mood, behavior and the positive impact. On the contrary, Negative label will produce the bad influence on one’s study, work and life , can lose one’s confidence. Consequently, we have to post more active and positive tags on the students and do not stick those negative labels on them.
To put on positive labels on the students has great significances. Firstly, it can stimulate the students’ interests in English learning. The renowned educationist Piaget said: All aspects of intellectual activities must rely on interest. In English teaching process, how to stimulate students’ interests, guide the student positively to participate in the classroom study is the vital point. Positive labeling can arouse the students’ interests in English learning.
Secondly, it can beautify the learning atmosphere in the classroom and build up harmonious relationship between teacher and the students. A good classroom atmosphere can achieve maximum teaching. Teachers in the classroom served as the guide, the lecturer and evaluator. So the teacher should try to create a trusting, friendly and easy classroom atmosphere for them, especially the less competent students will benefit from the harmonious learning atmosphere.
At last, it can build up students’ learning confidence. The learner’s attitude to the learning process has also been identified as key factor to English learning. Language learning is not an easy process so that some may easily get frustrated and want to give up. As a teacher we should encourage them to build a strong belief that no one can easily achieve success. Positive labeling can fulfill the needs of affirmation and gain self-confidence.
4 How to Use Positive Labeling Effect in College English teaching
4.1 Using Language Encouragement to Build up the Students’ Self-confidence:How should we use “labeling effect” to improve the students’ self-confidence？ An effective way is to implement the proactive autosuggestion. During English teaching process, we will find that, many students have some bad habits or some undesirable psychology. They easily get frustrated and quickly give up. The teacher should tolerate the mistakes or faults of students. They need praise and encouragement from their teacher. Therefore, the teachers must strictly avoid laughing or dishonoring the student’s mistakes, blaming or discriminating at their poor performance. Instead, the teacher should foster students’ interest, attitude and confidence as the first place and use more supportive language and put on more positive labels on them.
4.2 Labeling Effect with Appropriate Expectations:With the great difference in student’s English level, Interests and characteristics, the teacher’s expectation should be varied. The great Chinese educator, Confucius, has long before proposed one teaching principle that students should be taught according to their abilities, in Chinese we say“yin cai shi jiao”.This traditional teaching concept also proved the correct labeling effect. For this reason, during the teaching process, the teacher is required to teach according to different characteristics of each student and to label them with different expectations.
4.3 Positive Labeling on Individuals as well as Cooperative Teams:Positive Labeling can be very helpful for learners to form positive attitudes towards learning. According to some researches, we can find that cooperative learning is more effective than individual learning. As a teacher during teaching, we can label a student with “you have a beautiful pronunciation” or “you are the most diligent student of mine”. When cooperating with each other. Their basic needs like needs for safety, interpersonal closeness and self-esteem are somewhat satisfied. Therefore, we teachers can also put positive labels on a group. For instance, “you are the only class I have met which is never late for class” or “your team is always prepared well for the performance”, something like that. Consequently, We will have unexpected harvest.
5 Conclusion
Psychologists tell us: the success depends on your heart. Give the brain positive stimulating, namely “benign psychological suggestion”, the brain will produce unexpected strength. When a person is labeled by some specific nouns, He would be implied to show corresponding behaviors. This phenomenon is caused by labeling and it can affect one’s behavior greatly. Therefore, the result of putting a label on a person is often guiding a direction of development. Based on this positive labeling is an effective way widely used in the process of teaching, especially in the process of English teaching. We have to post more active and positive tags on the students and do not stick those negative labels on them, and grabbing the sparkle point of the students anytime, anywhere to praise. the teacher should use more supportive language and put on more positive labels on them.
Bibliography
[1] 熊元龙.《班级工作中的标签效应》.《重庆教育》，1999
[2] 张可宇.浅谈“标签效应”在职业高中英语课堂评价中的应用现代教师与教学，2010年第1期
[3] 韩延明，邱昌宏.“标签效应”在班级管理中的应用红蕾.教育文摘，2008年第5期
[4] 张正会.How to Train the College Students’ self-confidence in English Class.中国学术研究，2008年第1期
【Key words】labeling effect positive labels benign development English teaching process
【中图分类号】H319【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1001-4128（2011）05-0059-02
1 Introduction
What is “labeling effect”？ When shopping around, the labels on the goods will influence our determination about its value. Exactly the same two pieces of goods, if indicate different prices, you will find different reasons for the price on them. For instance, priced higher commodity locates many advantages, but in lower priced goods you find many shortcomings, that is, label will lead the thinking direction, this is the so-called labeling effect.
When a person is labeled by some specific nouns, He would make self impression management and he would be implied to show corresponding behaviors. This phenomenon is caused by labeling. Labeling has both positive and negative effect on persons, it can guide one to be a better person as well as misguide one out of conduct. In recent years, some educationists have also found that labeling can greatly affect children’s thinking and behavior in family education and elementary education. As a teacher in independent college, according to the teaching experience, the author found that labeling also has strong effect on college students especially in English learning.
2 Case Study
The second semester of 2009, the author took over two new classes. The interesting thing was that it were two complete opposite classes, and it was also a big challenging. Since the graded teaching has been implented in our school. One of them is class A, which has better english level and the other is class B , is said to be a badly behaved class, and this difficult class got out of hand when the former teacher was put in charge.
Firstly, let’s see Class A. Because of their major, to teach Chinese as a second language, they have great motivation and interests in learning English. They are very active in class and eager to do presentation. Many students come to classroom early to account for seat in the front. Therefore, the teaching process in this class carried on smoothly. The author tried to tell them about their advantages and find more. The teacher set 5 minutes for them at the very beginning of each class they can say anything they like as a presentation, a poem, a sentence from an essay, latest news, a song or even a popular star etc., everybody has the chance to perform. For individual, the author tried to foster their strengths and circumvent their weaknesses. To those who can use the language fluently, there were often asked to speak or do some report. To those who can not express easily in English they were just asked to read more. To those who have a good pronounciation they were often asked to recite some beautiful essays or poems and make some public speech in front of the class. To those who have a good writing, their papers were read to the class as model essays. The most important is, the teache never hide her expectations and appreciations for them. By the end of the semester, all of the class has passed the final examination, 3 of them made their way into the final of the speaking contest in the college.
On the contrary, class B is really different. most of them are not interested in English at all. The anthor found the most words they said when they were asked to do some speech or presentation is “Sorry, I don’t know” or “sorry, my English is poor”. Even worse, the author noticed that no one want to sit in the front of the classroom, almost 3 rows were left empty, all of them want to sit in the back or in the corner because they fear to perform and to answer the questions. Fear is the biggest enemy during the learning process. It seems difficult at first. Then how to conduct this kind of class？ The author tried to change the way of teaching, lower down the expectation of the students. If they can not speak, the author just let them read if they can not create, the author just let them recite. If they can not write down the whole sentences while dictation, the author just dictate them words. By giving them much easier materials and encouraging every little effort of them, their confidence had been built gradually. By the end of the semester, 43% of the classes have passed the final examination, 23%higher than the term before.
3 The Significances of the Positive Labeling Effect
Through the case study, we know that Positive labels can produce a certain mood, behavior and the positive impact. On the contrary, Negative label will produce the bad influence on one’s study, work and life , can lose one’s confidence. Consequently, we have to post more active and positive tags on the students and do not stick those negative labels on them.
To put on positive labels on the students has great significances. Firstly, it can stimulate the students’ interests in English learning. The renowned educationist Piaget said: All aspects of intellectual activities must rely on interest. In English teaching process, how to stimulate students’ interests, guide the student positively to participate in the classroom study is the vital point. Positive labeling can arouse the students’ interests in English learning.
Secondly, it can beautify the learning atmosphere in the classroom and build up harmonious relationship between teacher and the students. A good classroom atmosphere can achieve maximum teaching. Teachers in the classroom served as the guide, the lecturer and evaluator. So the teacher should try to create a trusting, friendly and easy classroom atmosphere for them, especially the less competent students will benefit from the harmonious learning atmosphere.
At last, it can build up students’ learning confidence. The learner’s attitude to the learning process has also been identified as key factor to English learning. Language learning is not an easy process so that some may easily get frustrated and want to give up. As a teacher we should encourage them to build a strong belief that no one can easily achieve success. Positive labeling can fulfill the needs of affirmation and gain self-confidence.
4 How to Use Positive Labeling Effect in College English teaching
4.1 Using Language Encouragement to Build up the Students’ Self-confidence:How should we use “labeling effect” to improve the students’ self-confidence？ An effective way is to implement the proactive autosuggestion. During English teaching process, we will find that, many students have some bad habits or some undesirable psychology. They easily get frustrated and quickly give up. The teacher should tolerate the mistakes or faults of students. They need praise and encouragement from their teacher. Therefore, the teachers must strictly avoid laughing or dishonoring the student’s mistakes, blaming or discriminating at their poor performance. Instead, the teacher should foster students’ interest, attitude and confidence as the first place and use more supportive language and put on more positive labels on them.
4.2 Labeling Effect with Appropriate Expectations:With the great difference in student’s English level, Interests and characteristics, the teacher’s expectation should be varied. The great Chinese educator, Confucius, has long before proposed one teaching principle that students should be taught according to their abilities, in Chinese we say“yin cai shi jiao”.This traditional teaching concept also proved the correct labeling effect. For this reason, during the teaching process, the teacher is required to teach according to different characteristics of each student and to label them with different expectations.
4.3 Positive Labeling on Individuals as well as Cooperative Teams:Positive Labeling can be very helpful for learners to form positive attitudes towards learning. According to some researches, we can find that cooperative learning is more effective than individual learning. As a teacher during teaching, we can label a student with “you have a beautiful pronunciation” or “you are the most diligent student of mine”. When cooperating with each other. Their basic needs like needs for safety, interpersonal closeness and self-esteem are somewhat satisfied. Therefore, we teachers can also put positive labels on a group. For instance, “you are the only class I have met which is never late for class” or “your team is always prepared well for the performance”, something like that. Consequently, We will have unexpected harvest.
5 Conclusion
Psychologists tell us: the success depends on your heart. Give the brain positive stimulating, namely “benign psychological suggestion”, the brain will produce unexpected strength. When a person is labeled by some specific nouns, He would be implied to show corresponding behaviors. This phenomenon is caused by labeling and it can affect one’s behavior greatly. Therefore, the result of putting a label on a person is often guiding a direction of development. Based on this positive labeling is an effective way widely used in the process of teaching, especially in the process of English teaching. We have to post more active and positive tags on the students and do not stick those negative labels on them, and grabbing the sparkle point of the students anytime, anywhere to praise. the teacher should use more supportive language and put on more positive labels on them.
Bibliography
[1] 熊元龙.《班级工作中的标签效应》.《重庆教育》，1999
[2] 张可宇.浅谈“标签效应”在职业高中英语课堂评价中的应用现代教师与教学，2010年第1期
[3] 韩延明，邱昌宏.“标签效应”在班级管理中的应用红蕾.教育文摘，2008年第5期
[4] 张正会.How to Train the College Students’ self-confidence in English Class.中国学术研究，2008年第1期