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土司制度是我国封建社会后期中央政府在边远少数民族地区实行的一种特殊统治形式。中央王朝通过对控制一定地域、掌握一定军事、政治、经济权力的各族首领,授给不同级别的世袭文武官职,让其缴纳一定的贡赋、承担一定的义务,并对本部落或本地区进行世袭统治。明清时期,这种制度曾广泛存在于我国少数民族地区,民国时期在部分地区依然存在,解放后才被彻底废除。在我国北方,青海土族地区的土司制度颇具代表性。它自明初形成至1931年被明令废止,在土族地区竟存在了560余年。为了对土族地区历史上的土司制度获得更全面的认识和更合乎历史实际的评价,本文就明清时期土族地区土司的军政活动作一考察,不妥之处,请批评指正。
The chieftain system is a special form of government practiced by the Central Government in remote ethnic areas in the late feudal society. The Central Government granted different ranks of hereditary military and military officials to pay certain tributes, undertake certain obligations and carry out the work of the tribe or the region through the leaders of various ethnic groups who control certain areas and have certain military, political and economic power. Hereditary rule. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such a system had existed extensively in ethnic minority areas in our country. During the period of the Republic of China, it still existed in some areas and was completely abolished after the liberation. In northern China, the chieftain system in the Tu nationality in Qinghai is quite representative. It was formed from early Ming until 1931 was abolished, in the Tu ethnic area there are more than 560 years. In order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the chieftain system in the history of the Tu-land and a more realistic assessment of the history, this article examines the military and administrative activities of the chieftains in the Tu region in the Ming and Qing dynasties.