论文部分内容阅读
受到年鉴学派“整体史”设想的影响,现在的宋代政治史研究重视结合系统、空间、网络等不同侧面全面地理解和把握政治,这种追求全体性的研究倾向是大势所趋。另外,将政治看作“谁、什么时候、通过怎样的手段、获得什么”的过程,由政治过程的视角考察政治,同样是一种重要的研究方法。因此,为了阐明政治背后具体的社会网络、人际交往等问题,本文将尝试充分发掘政治史研究中较少运用的书信史料的价值。书信具有双向性史料的特征,可以如实地反映撰写的一方和接受的一方之间的关系性,以及两者之间思想和感情等交流,所以,对于人际网络的研究,它无疑是最重要的史料之一。而且,从史料的这种特性来看,同样也适合应用于政治过程的研究。本文的研究以魏了翁《鹤山先生大全文集》中的“启”为主、“书”为辅,得出如下结论:一、宋代官僚、士大夫之间以书信为媒介加强了相互的关系,并参与到具体的政治过程当中。在以科举—人事体系为中心的官僚制以及以官僚制为核心的社会中,令日常政治更加圆滑地运作起来的是网络,而书信则是该网络的重要媒体手段。二、通过对魏了翁“督府”期间所写“书”的考察,证明了与公文书并行的“书”在维系“中央政府”—“督府”(由督视和幕僚组成拥有强大权力的上级地方军府)—“地方政府”三者的行政运作上承担了重要的职能。公文书真正抵达中央、再经过审议、然后实行,需要耗费一定的时间。而与此相对,“书”则是更为快捷直观的一对一的交流,对政治过程的推进起到了较为重要的作用。
Influenced by the Yearbook School “overall history ”, the study of political history in Song Dynasty attaches great importance to understanding and grasping politics comprehensively with different aspects such as system, space and network. This trend of pursuing holistic research is the trend of the times. In addition, looking at politics as the process of “who, when, and by what means can we gain”? It is also an important research method to examine politics from the perspective of political process. Therefore, in order to clarify the specific social networks behind social politics, interpersonal communication and other issues, this article will try to fully exploit the value of the less used epistles in the study of political history. With the characteristics of two-way historical materials, letters can faithfully reflect the relationship between the written party and the accepted party, as well as the exchange of thoughts and feelings between the two parties. Therefore, it is undoubtedly the most important for the study of interpersonal networks One of the historical materials. Moreover, judging from this characteristic of historical materials, it is equally applicable to the study of the political process. The research of this paper is mainly based on the “Kai” in “The Complete Works of Heshan Daquan” by Wei Baoweng and the “Book” as the supplement, and draws the following conclusions: First, the communication between bureaucrats and scholars in the Song Dynasty was enhanced by the letters Mutual relations, and participate in the specific political process. In the bureaucratic system centered on the imperial examination-personnel system and in the bureaucratic-centered society, the network is more smoothly functioning in daily politics. Correspondence and correspondence are important mediums of the network. Second, by examining the “book” written by Wei T’ung-wu during the period of “Du Fu”, it is proved that “book”, which is in parallel with the official document, “(A superior local government under the supervisory power of state inspectors and aides) - the” local government “undertook important functions. Public documents really arrived in the Central Government, after deliberation, and then implemented, takes some time. On the contrary, ”book " is a more rapid and intuitive one-on-one exchange, which has played a more important role in advancing the political process.