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In recent years,adenosine tri-phosphate(ATP)has been reported to exist in apoplasts of plant cells as a signal molecule.Extracellular ATP(eATP)plays important roles in plant growth,development,and stress tolerance.Here,extracellular ATP was found to promote stomatal opening of Arabidopsis thaliana in light and darkness.ADP,GTP,and weakly hydrolyzable ATP analogs(ATPγS,Bz-ATP,and 2meATP)showed similar effects,whereas AMP and adenosine did not affect stomatal movement.Apyrase inhibited stomatal opening.ATP-promoted stomatal opening was blocked by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor(diphenylene iodonium)or deoxidizer(dithiothreitol),and was impaired in null mutant of NADPH oxidase(atrbohD/F).Added ATP triggered ROS generation in guard cells via NADPH oxidase.ATP also induced Ca2+ influx and H+ efflux in guard cells.In atrbohD/F,ATP-induced ion flux was strongly suppressed.In null mutants of the heterotrimeric G protein α subunit,ATP-promoted stomatal opening,cytoplasmic ROS generation,Ca2+ influx,and H+ efflux were all suppressed.These results indicated that eATP-promoted stomatal opening possibly involves the heterotrimeric G protein,ROS,cytosolic Ca2+,and plasma membrane H+-ATPase.