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在大多数发展中国家,腹泻疾病为年幼儿主要发病和死亡原因。在许多国家腹泻疾病被列为初级保健计划的优先目标加以规划和贯彻。各国政府和国际组织,包括世界卫生组织(WHO)强调口服补液为降低腹泻疾病死亡率的有效措施。为了降低腹泻疾病的发病率和口服补液无效患儿的死亡率还有必要采取其他一些防治措施。本文对防治5岁以下腹泻患儿发病率和死亡率的有效防治措施进行了分类,并对这些措施的有关方面进行了分析。初级保健包括在社区水平提供一个为健康服务的保健包。初级保健必需能满足为各种健康服务的需要。由于人才、预算和供应的限制,有必要制订一些既能满足主要目标又能保证供应的方案。合理的方案应该首先确定主要健康问题,再选出有效的防治措施。可用对某些持定疾病发病和死亡情况的调查来确定特定年龄组中的主要健康问题。在大多数发展中国家,腹泻疾病为年幼儿的主要发病和致死原因。最近估计,在发展中国家5岁以下儿童中,每年有500死于腹泻疾病。在这一年龄组每100个儿童中,一年有220人次患腹泻疾病,1.4人死亡。在选择初级保健目标时不仅要考虑引起主要健康问题的疾病还要考虑怎样用合理的费用来控制这些疾病。
In most developing countries, diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children. In many countries, diarrheal diseases are listed as priorities for primary health care planning and follow-up. Governments and international organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), stress that oral rehydration is an effective measure to reduce mortality from diarrheal diseases. In order to reduce the incidence of diarrheal diseases and oral rehydration in children with mortality is still necessary to take some other control measures. This article classifies the effective prevention and control measures for the prevention and treatment of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age and analyzes the relevant aspects of these measures. Primary care includes providing a health-care package at the community level. Primary care must be able to meet the needs of a variety of health services. Due to talent, budget and supply constraints, it is necessary to develop programs that meet both the main objectives and supply. A reasonable plan should first identify the major health problems and then select effective prevention and control measures. Surveys on the incidence and mortality of certain persistent diseases can be used to identify the major health issues in a particular age group. In most developing countries, diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children. It has recently been estimated that out of the 5-year-old children in developing countries, 500 die from diarrheal diseases each year. Out of every 100 children in this age group, there are 220 diarrheal diseases and 1.4 deaths a year. When choosing a primary care goal, consider not only the diseases that cause the major health problems but also how to control the diseases at a reasonable cost.