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近代中国经济史的中心问题是外国贸易如何影响中国经济的。有关农村和城市领域的研究有很多而且颇有争议。例如,中国学者认为,天津的外国洋行控制了进出口贸易,它们的触角伸向广袤的土地,其势力范围分裂了国内市场。在另一方面,罗兹·墨菲(Rhoads Murphey)和其他一些学者却坚持说,对外贸易的总量并非可观,至少是在天津,外贸与其商业腹地只有松散的联系。这些研究尽管结论不同,但是他们都利用了诸如海关统计资料来
The central issue in the history of modern Chinese economy is how foreign trade affects China’s economy. Research on rural and urban areas is numerous and controversial. For example, Chinese scholars believe that the foreign firms in Tianjin controlled the import and export trade and their tentacles extended to the vast expanses of land and their sphere of influence divided the domestic market. On the other hand, Rhoads Murphey and others insist that the total amount of foreign trade is not substantial, at least in Tianjin, and that foreign trade has only loose links with its commercial hinterland. Despite the different conclusions, these studies all use statistics such as customs