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直至 1 970年之前 ,法国的乐团和歌剧院都没能逃脱法国中央集权管理的模式。当然 ,这一模式同样应用在国家的政治、文化和社会等诸多方面。 一直等到 1 96 9年时任文化部音乐司司长的作曲家马塞尔·朗道斯基开始实施一项强硬政策之后 ,巴黎与外省之间的平衡才开始实现 ,全国
Until 1970, neither the French orchestra nor the opera house escaped the French model of centralized management. Of course, this model also applies to many aspects of the country’s politics, culture and society. The balance between Paris and the rest of the province did not come into existence until Marcel Mondoszschi, the composer’s director of music department of the Ministry of Culture, started to enforce a tough policy until 1959,