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中国社会自十九世纪下半叶逐步沦为半封建半殖民地社会以后,在政治、经济、文化上借鉴日德,效法英美成为一股潮流。一方面,新兴的资产阶级的政治代言人,出于对君主专制政体的痛恨,视西方的政治体制为“良法美意”,把学习、移植西方政体作为努力目标,艰难地奋斗;另一方面,西方列强为把中国纳入世界资本主义体系,拉为帝国主义附庸,除军事、经济、文化的侵略、掠夺外,也极力推动中国政治体制形式上的西化。在这一大的背景下,自清末搞所谓“预备立宪”起,开始了移植西方政府体制的试验。其中北洋时期的内阁制,先后搞了十余年,较充分地反映了这场试验从移植到蜕变、变种,直到彻底破产的全过程,这段历史,这场试验,值得我们从政治学、行政学的角度加以深入研究。了解历史、认识国情,从科学研究中寻找答案,无疑是十分必要的。
Since the second half of the 19th century, Chinese society gradually became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, it has become a trend to learn from Japan and Germany politically, economically and culturally and follow the example of Britain and the United States. On the one hand, the emerging political bourgeois spokesmen argue hard and harshly about the study of the Western political system and the transplanting of the Western political system with the hatred of the authoritarian monarchy and the “good and the good” of the political system in the West. On the other hand, In order to bring China into the capitalist system of the world, the proclaimed imperialist vassal took great efforts to promote the formal westernization of China’s political system in addition to military, economic and cultural aggression and plunder. Against this background, starting with the so-called “constitutional constitutionalism” in the late Qing Dynasty, the experiment of transplanting the western government system began. Among them, the cabinet system of the Beiyang period has been carried on for more than ten years in succession, which fully reflects the whole process of the experiment from transplantation to transformation and mutation until the complete bankruptcy. This test deserves our attention from politics, Administrative study to further study. It is undoubtedly necessary to understand history, understand national conditions and find answers from scientific research.