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一般认为,义庄在中国传统社会中起着重要作用,弥补了官方在社会治理领域的诸多不足。本文以清代无锡华氏义庄为例,对义庄在教育、祭祀、义冢、社会救助等领域的具体作用加以探讨。义庄是一个家族兴盛的象征,也被视为积德之举,余庆子孙,备受江南望族重视。义庄对传统社会的贡献在于,它使国家政权认识到了社会的基础性作用,并通过民众自治实践建立起一系列的组织、制度,实现乡村自治。义庄等机构,则是实施这套制度的重要内容之一,而这套制度是套嵌在整个社会与国家的互动之中。社会与国家政权并非对立。可以看到,义庄的主要作用是沟通官与民,是国家与社会互动的重要桥梁,是缓解官民冲突、整合乡村人力与资源,为乡村提供公共品所不可或缺的角色。把义庄放在国家与社会的互动框架之中,才能去理解理解义庄的意义。
It is generally believed that Yi Zhuang plays an important role in traditional Chinese society and makes up for many deficiencies of the government in the field of social governance. This article takes Fushi Village of Wuxi in Qing Dynasty as an example to discuss the specific role of Yi Zhuang in the fields of education, sacrificial rites, religious graves and social assistance. Yi Zhuang is a symbol of the prosperity of the family, but also be considered as an act of morality, Yu Qing descendants, much attention of the Jiangnan family. The contribution of Yizhuang to the traditional society is that it makes the state power recognize the basic role of society and establishes a series of organizations and systems through the practice of the people’s autonomy so as to realize the autonomy of the village. Yizhuang and other agencies are one of the important parts in implementing this system. This system is embedded in the interaction between the entire society and the state. Social and state power is not the opposite. It can be seen that Yizhuang’s main role is to communicate with officials and the public. It is an important bridge between the state and the society and an indispensable part of alleviating the conflicts between officials and citizens, integrating the manpower and resources of the rural areas and providing public goods to the rural areas. To put the Yi Zhuang in the framework of the interaction between state and society, we can understand the meaning of Yi Zhuang.