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Conventional maintenance mode for the traction power supply system (TPSS) is to perform scheduled reg-ular maintenance activities for power supply equipment, while such maintenance mode may result in undue main-tenance tasks and low efficiency due to different degrada-tion processes of different sorts of equipment. To address this problem, this paper introduces a preventive oppor-tunistic maintenance (POM) method for TPSS based on equipment reliability. Firstly, a POM model is established by considering the equipment reliability degradation pro-cess based on Weibull distribution. Then, by considering the total power outage time in the planned operation cycleof TPSS as the optimization objective, the optimal main-tenance scheme of TPSS is formulated by iterative method of maintenance strategies. The proposed method is verified by introducing practical maintenance strategies and fault record data of the traction transformer, circuit breaker and disconnector in an actual TPSS of a railway administration. Results show that the presented method can make full use of the existing fault data to develop a POM scheme for TPSS. It can improve maintenance efficiency and reduce power outage time, providing guidance to formulate sci-entific maintenance strategies for TPSS.