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欧洲对欧元区财政危机和主权债务危机的应对举措正导致欧洲国家的民主危机。该危机暴露了多层级政治组织内国家与超国家之间的紧张关系,同时使欧洲核心国家与外围国家之间产生了新的政治分裂。这一困境在直接或间接地从“三驾马车”(即欧盟、欧洲中央银行和国际货币基金组织)接受非市场化经济资助项目的国家中显得尤为严重。由于汇率调节政策缺位,爱尔兰和南欧国家必须实行内部贬值,进而把调整包袱全都推给财政政策和劳动力市场政策。各国政府,无论由何种党派执政,都必须遵守欧洲经济和货币联盟的外部指令,使其福利国家自由化、削减公共开支和实行劳动力市场结构性改革。本文的核心观点是,导致欧元区危机的真正根源是对不同资本主义类型面临的不同经济问题实施“一刀切”的调整方案。本文通过对希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、葡萄牙和西班牙五国进行比较分析,得出结论认为:此次危机是由欧洲经济和货币联盟在制度和宏观经济方面固有的不对称性造成的,正在欧洲民主国家内引发空前的选举波动以及合法性危机。
Europe’s response to the financial crisis and sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone is leading to the democratic crisis in European countries. The crisis exposed the tensions between nations and supranationals in multi-level political organizations, while creating a new political split between the European core and peripheral countries. This dilemma is particularly acute in those countries that have received, directly or indirectly, non-market-financed projects from the Troika, the EU, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Due to the absence of exchange rate adjustment policies, Ireland and southern European countries must implement internal devaluations, thus pushing the burden of adjustment all onto fiscal and labor market policies. Governments, irrespective of the party in power, must comply with the external directives of the European Economic and Monetary Union to liberalize their welfare state, reduce public expenditures and implement structural reforms in the labor market. The key point of this article is that the real root cause of the crisis in the Euro zone is the implementation of a “one size fits all” solution to the different economic issues facing different types of capitalism. Through comparative analysis of Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain, the paper concludes that the crisis is caused by the asymmetry inherent in the system and macroeconomics of the European Economic and Monetary Union and is being democratized in Europe Unprecedented election volatility and crisis of legitimacy have elicited in the country.