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本文通过对东南亚和日本绳的考古发掘与沉船出水资料的细梳理,重点结合琉球史料,试图厘清明时代早中期中国瓷器外销的情况。文章认为,明代早期,朝廷厉行海禁,民间贸易受到严重制约,而朝贡贸易成为主要的输出渠道,因而瓷器对外输出的数量与品种大幅萎缩,呈现衰落状态,在东南亚一带尤其明显。但琉球凭借与明朝的良好关,通过朝贡贸易获取大量中国瓷器,并将其转运到东南亚一带经营转口贸易,构建了中国瓷器对外输出的特殊通道。此时的外销瓷器龙泉青瓷为主,器形单调,与国内使用的器皿差别不大。到明代中期,朝贡贸易衰败,私人海上贸易兴起,瓷器输出的主要渠道发生了改变。销往东南亚的中国瓷器数量显著增加,器形多样,还出现了专为当地定的品种,青花瓷器取代龙泉青瓷,成为主流的外销品种。
This article tries to clarify the export situation of Chinese porcelain in the early and middle Ming Dynasty by combining the archaeological excavations of Southeast Asia and Japan with the sinking information of wrecks. The article holds that in the early Ming Dynasty, the court imposed the ban on sea trade and the non-governmental trade was severely restricted, while the tribute trade became the main export channel. As a result, the quantity and varieties of porcelain exports shrank sharply and declined, especially in Southeast Asia. However, with its good relations with the Ming Dynasty, Ryukyu obtained a large amount of Chinese porcelain through tributary trade and transfered it to the re-export trade in Southeast Asia, establishing a special channel for the export of Chinese porcelain to the outside world. At this time the main export of porcelain Longquan celadon, monotone shape, and the domestic use of utensils little difference. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the decline of tribute trade and the rise of private maritime trade had led to the change of the main channels for the export of porcelain. The number of Chinese porcelain sold to Southeast Asia increased significantly, with various shapes and shapes, and there were also varieties specially designed for the locality. Blue and white porcelain replaced Longquan celadon and became the mainstream export varieties.