论文部分内容阅读
【摘要】 目的:比较不同剂量右美托咪定复合罗哌卡因对小儿骶管阻滞效应的影响,并探讨右美托咪定的合适剂量。方法:选取本院60例1~7岁择期行腹股沟疝修补术或隐睾下降固定术的患儿,按照随机数字表法将其均分为R组、RD1组和RD2组各20例,R组给予0.25%罗哌卡因1 ml/kg,RD1组相同局麻药中加入右美托咪定1 μg/kg,RD2组加入2 μg/kg。观察比较三组术中七氟烷维持浓度、苏醒期行为状态评分、苏醒期躁动发生率、术后镇静状态评分、有效镇痛时间、需追加镇痛的比例、睡眠质量、麻醉恢复情况及术后并发症等。结果:与R组比较,RD1组和RD2组的术中七氟烷维持浓度、苏醒期行为状态评分、苏醒期躁动、术后镇静状态评分、有效镇痛时间、需追加镇痛的例数及次数、睡眠质量等比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。RD2组与RD1组比较,术中七氟烷维持浓度、苏醒期行为状态评分、术后有效镇痛时间、需追加镇痛情况比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。三组麻醉恢复情况及并发症发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:0.25%罗哌卡因1 ml/kg中加入右美托咪定1或2 μg/kg行小儿骶管阻滞,能明显增强阻滞效果,减少七氟烷用量,减少苏醒期躁动,术后早期维持适度镇静,显著延长术后镇痛时间,提高睡眠质量,且不影响麻醉恢复及增加并发症。与1 μg/kg右美托咪定相比,2 μg/kg不仅同样安全而且效果更好。
【关键词】 右美托咪定; 罗哌卡因; 骶管阻滞; 小儿
Comparison of Different Doses of Dexmedetomidine Added to Ropivacaine on the Effect of Caudal Block in Pediatrics/LIU Jun-feng,WANG Cui-xiang.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(16):053-057
【Abstract】 Objective:To compare the different doses of dexmedetomidine(DEX) combined with ropivacaine on the effect of pediatric caudal block,and determine the suitable dosage of DEX.Method:Sixty children (ASA Ⅰ) aged 1-7 years scheduled for elective inguinal hernia repair or orchidopexy were randomly randomly divided into the group R,the group RD1 and the group RD2,20 cases in each group.The group R received a caudal injection of 0.25% ropivacaine 1 ml/kg,the group RD1 received the same dose of ropivacaine mixed with DEX 1 μg/kg,and the group RD2 mixed with DEX 2 μg/kg.The end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (ET-sevo),emergence behavior state score,incidence of emergence agitation (EA),postoperative sedation score,duration of postoperative analgesia,the proportion of requirement for additional analgesics,quality of sleep,recovery from anesthesia and postoperative complications among the three groups were observed and compared.Result:The ET-sevo,emergence behavior state score,incidence of EA and the proportion of requirement for additional analgesics were significantly lower,the quality of sleep was significantly better,the postoperative sedation score was significantly higher and the duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly longer in Group RD1 and Group RD2 compared with Group R,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared to Group RD1,the ET-sevo,emergence behavior state score,duration of postoperative analgesia and the proportion of requirement for additional analgesics in Group RD2 had statistically significant differences too(P<0.05).But recovery from anesthesia and postoperative complications had no statistically significant difference in all groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Addition of DEX 1 or 2 μg/kg to 0.25% ropivacaine (1 mL/kg) can significantly improve the efficacy of pediatric caudal block,reduce sevoflurane requirements and the incidence of EA,maintain moderate sedation during the early post-operative period,improve the quality of sleep,significantly prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia,but don’t affect the recovery and increase the complications of anesthesia.Compared to addition of DEX 1μg/kg,2 μg/kg not only has same security but better efficacy. 【Key words】 Dexmedetomidine; Ropivacaine; Caudal block; Pediatric
First-author’s address:The Second People’s Hospital of Dongying City,Dongying 257335,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.16.017
区域阻滞麻醉能明显减少术后疼痛及全身性镇痛药(如阿片类药物)的用量。小儿骶管阻滞因操作简单、效果可靠、安全性高,在小儿脐部以下手术中使用非常普遍[1-2]。但局麻药单次注射行骶管阻滞作用时间较短,往往需要加入其他药物,以延长其作用时间[3]。右美托咪定(DEX)是一种新型高选择性α2受体激动剂,能延长局麻药的作用时间,已被用于成人椎管内麻醉和外周神经阻滞,用于小儿骶管阻滞的报道较少[4-5]。本研究旨在探讨罗哌卡因中加入DEX对小儿骶管阻滞效应的影响,并探讨DEX的合适剂量,现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 本研究经院医学伦理委员会批准,并与患儿父母签署知情同意书。选取本院60例择期行腹股沟疝修补术或隐睾下降固定术的患儿,ASAⅠ级,年龄1~7岁,体重9~25 kg。剔除有先天性疾病、脊柱疾病、骶管阻滞部位感染、凝血机制异常、精神障碍疾病及近期使用过镇痛药者。按照随机数字表法将所有患儿分为R组、RD1组和RD2组各20例。三组患儿的年龄、性别和体重等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。
全麻苏醒期躁动是小儿麻醉,尤其是接受七氟烷麻醉后常见的并发症,其机制尚不十分明确,也无确切的预防方法,但围术期镇静、镇痛药物的使用能减少EA的发生。DEX因兼有镇静、镇痛的作用,许多研究表明,围术期使用DEX,无论是静脉用药或是骶管阻滞用药,均能显著减少苏醒期躁动的发生而又不影响恢复[16-17]。本研究也证实,与R组相比,RD1组和RD2组苏醒期躁动的发生率大大降低,三组分别为55%、10%及5%。
对于成人手术,术后苏醒迅速而完全,没有残余镇静作用是必要的,但对于小儿手术,术后早期维持适度的镇静状态可能更为理想,可以减少父母的焦虑[18]。本研究中,RD1和RD2组患儿术后6 h内均保持一定的镇静状态,即处于呼叫睁眼或摇晃睁眼的状态,而又并非过度镇静,因而患儿父母均较满意。
参考文献
[1]谭健,朱红妞.骶管阻滞复合基础麻醉在小儿腹腔镜疝气手术中的应用研究[J].中国医学创新,2012,9(16):43-44.
[2]郑浪高,黎浊莺.骶管麻醉联合氯胺酮应用于小儿腹股沟斜疝手术分析[J].中国医学创新,2011,8(4):161-162.
[3] Axelsson K,Gupta A.Local anaesthetic adjuvants:neuraxial versus peripheral nerve block[J].Curr Opin Anaesthesiol,2009,22(5):649-654.
[4] Wahlander S,Frumento R J,Wagener G,et al.A prospective,double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled study of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to epidural analgesia after thoracic surgery[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2005,19(5):630-635.
[5]马浩南,李恒林,倪丽伟,等.右美托咪定对罗哌卡因腋路臂丛神经阻滞时效的影响[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2012,28(6):531-533.
[6] Deng X M,Xiao W J,Tang G Z,et al.The minimum local anesthetic concentration of ropivacaine for caudal analgesia in children[J].Anesthesia & Analgesia,2002,94(6):1465-1468.
[7] Verghese S T,Hannallah R S.Postoperative pain management in children[J].Anesthesiol Clin North America,2005,23(1):163-184.
[8] Lloyd-Thomas A R.Pain management in paediatric patients[J].Br J Anaesth,1990,64(1):85-104.
[9] Vetter T R,Carvallo D,Johnson J L,et al.A comparison of single-dose caudal clonidine,morphine,or hydromorphone combined with ropivacaine in pediatric patients undergoing ureteral reimplantation[J].Anesthesia & Analgesia,2007,104(6):1356-1363.
[10] De Beer D A,Thomas M L.Caudal additives in children—solutions or problems?[J].Br J Anaesth,2003,90(4):487-498.
【关键词】 右美托咪定; 罗哌卡因; 骶管阻滞; 小儿
Comparison of Different Doses of Dexmedetomidine Added to Ropivacaine on the Effect of Caudal Block in Pediatrics/LIU Jun-feng,WANG Cui-xiang.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(16):053-057
【Abstract】 Objective:To compare the different doses of dexmedetomidine(DEX) combined with ropivacaine on the effect of pediatric caudal block,and determine the suitable dosage of DEX.Method:Sixty children (ASA Ⅰ) aged 1-7 years scheduled for elective inguinal hernia repair or orchidopexy were randomly randomly divided into the group R,the group RD1 and the group RD2,20 cases in each group.The group R received a caudal injection of 0.25% ropivacaine 1 ml/kg,the group RD1 received the same dose of ropivacaine mixed with DEX 1 μg/kg,and the group RD2 mixed with DEX 2 μg/kg.The end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (ET-sevo),emergence behavior state score,incidence of emergence agitation (EA),postoperative sedation score,duration of postoperative analgesia,the proportion of requirement for additional analgesics,quality of sleep,recovery from anesthesia and postoperative complications among the three groups were observed and compared.Result:The ET-sevo,emergence behavior state score,incidence of EA and the proportion of requirement for additional analgesics were significantly lower,the quality of sleep was significantly better,the postoperative sedation score was significantly higher and the duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly longer in Group RD1 and Group RD2 compared with Group R,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared to Group RD1,the ET-sevo,emergence behavior state score,duration of postoperative analgesia and the proportion of requirement for additional analgesics in Group RD2 had statistically significant differences too(P<0.05).But recovery from anesthesia and postoperative complications had no statistically significant difference in all groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Addition of DEX 1 or 2 μg/kg to 0.25% ropivacaine (1 mL/kg) can significantly improve the efficacy of pediatric caudal block,reduce sevoflurane requirements and the incidence of EA,maintain moderate sedation during the early post-operative period,improve the quality of sleep,significantly prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia,but don’t affect the recovery and increase the complications of anesthesia.Compared to addition of DEX 1μg/kg,2 μg/kg not only has same security but better efficacy. 【Key words】 Dexmedetomidine; Ropivacaine; Caudal block; Pediatric
First-author’s address:The Second People’s Hospital of Dongying City,Dongying 257335,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.16.017
区域阻滞麻醉能明显减少术后疼痛及全身性镇痛药(如阿片类药物)的用量。小儿骶管阻滞因操作简单、效果可靠、安全性高,在小儿脐部以下手术中使用非常普遍[1-2]。但局麻药单次注射行骶管阻滞作用时间较短,往往需要加入其他药物,以延长其作用时间[3]。右美托咪定(DEX)是一种新型高选择性α2受体激动剂,能延长局麻药的作用时间,已被用于成人椎管内麻醉和外周神经阻滞,用于小儿骶管阻滞的报道较少[4-5]。本研究旨在探讨罗哌卡因中加入DEX对小儿骶管阻滞效应的影响,并探讨DEX的合适剂量,现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 本研究经院医学伦理委员会批准,并与患儿父母签署知情同意书。选取本院60例择期行腹股沟疝修补术或隐睾下降固定术的患儿,ASAⅠ级,年龄1~7岁,体重9~25 kg。剔除有先天性疾病、脊柱疾病、骶管阻滞部位感染、凝血机制异常、精神障碍疾病及近期使用过镇痛药者。按照随机数字表法将所有患儿分为R组、RD1组和RD2组各20例。三组患儿的年龄、性别和体重等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。
全麻苏醒期躁动是小儿麻醉,尤其是接受七氟烷麻醉后常见的并发症,其机制尚不十分明确,也无确切的预防方法,但围术期镇静、镇痛药物的使用能减少EA的发生。DEX因兼有镇静、镇痛的作用,许多研究表明,围术期使用DEX,无论是静脉用药或是骶管阻滞用药,均能显著减少苏醒期躁动的发生而又不影响恢复[16-17]。本研究也证实,与R组相比,RD1组和RD2组苏醒期躁动的发生率大大降低,三组分别为55%、10%及5%。
对于成人手术,术后苏醒迅速而完全,没有残余镇静作用是必要的,但对于小儿手术,术后早期维持适度的镇静状态可能更为理想,可以减少父母的焦虑[18]。本研究中,RD1和RD2组患儿术后6 h内均保持一定的镇静状态,即处于呼叫睁眼或摇晃睁眼的状态,而又并非过度镇静,因而患儿父母均较满意。
参考文献
[1]谭健,朱红妞.骶管阻滞复合基础麻醉在小儿腹腔镜疝气手术中的应用研究[J].中国医学创新,2012,9(16):43-44.
[2]郑浪高,黎浊莺.骶管麻醉联合氯胺酮应用于小儿腹股沟斜疝手术分析[J].中国医学创新,2011,8(4):161-162.
[3] Axelsson K,Gupta A.Local anaesthetic adjuvants:neuraxial versus peripheral nerve block[J].Curr Opin Anaesthesiol,2009,22(5):649-654.
[4] Wahlander S,Frumento R J,Wagener G,et al.A prospective,double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled study of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to epidural analgesia after thoracic surgery[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2005,19(5):630-635.
[5]马浩南,李恒林,倪丽伟,等.右美托咪定对罗哌卡因腋路臂丛神经阻滞时效的影响[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2012,28(6):531-533.
[6] Deng X M,Xiao W J,Tang G Z,et al.The minimum local anesthetic concentration of ropivacaine for caudal analgesia in children[J].Anesthesia & Analgesia,2002,94(6):1465-1468.
[7] Verghese S T,Hannallah R S.Postoperative pain management in children[J].Anesthesiol Clin North America,2005,23(1):163-184.
[8] Lloyd-Thomas A R.Pain management in paediatric patients[J].Br J Anaesth,1990,64(1):85-104.
[9] Vetter T R,Carvallo D,Johnson J L,et al.A comparison of single-dose caudal clonidine,morphine,or hydromorphone combined with ropivacaine in pediatric patients undergoing ureteral reimplantation[J].Anesthesia & Analgesia,2007,104(6):1356-1363.
[10] De Beer D A,Thomas M L.Caudal additives in children—solutions or problems?[J].Br J Anaesth,2003,90(4):487-498.