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汉语中的“苦力”,词义是“出卖力气千重活的码头工人”,在不少欧洲语言中,也有一个与此语音相似,意义相同的词。这个词源出哪种语言呢?仅就所知,在国内有两种完全相悖的说法。一是认为汉语的“苦力”源出英语:“苦力,英语 Coolie 的音译。帝国主义者对殖民地或半殖民地从事重体力劳动工人(如码头工人)侮辱蔑视的称呼”;另一是认为英语的 Coolie 或 Cooly(苦力)源出汉语:“……回忆过去翻阅英语字典时,偶尔发现一些汉语外来语如‘mahjong’(麻将),‘kowtow’(磕头),‘coolie’(苦力)……”。我们认为这两种说法都不准确。下面就这个问题作一番考证和辨析。《说文解字》:“苦,大苦,从(?),古声”。《诗经·采苓》:“采苦采苦”,注:“苦,苦菜也”。“苦”,又可作“五味”当中之一“味”解。《尔雅·释言》:“苦,咸苦也”。《诗经·谷风》:“谁谓荼苦,其甘如荠”。“苦”,还可以作“劳”解。《战国策·秦策》“不苦一民”,注:“苦,劳也”。此外,“苦”还可以作“勤”、“病”、“伤”、“患”等解,这里不再赘引。
The word “coolie” in Chinese is defined as “a pier worker who exerts a lot of energy and effort.” In many European languages, there is also a word similar in meaning and meaning to the spoken language. In what language does this etymology come from? To the best of my knowledge, there are two entirely different opinions in the country. The first is that the “coolies” of Chinese come from English: “coolies, the transliteration of English Coolie, the call of imperialists to insult contempt for heavy manual workers (such as dockers) in the colonies or semi-colonies”; and the other is English Coolie or Cooly originates Chinese: “... recalling the past when reading the English dictionary, occasionally found some Chinese foreign words such as’ mahjong ’(mahjong),’ kowtow ’(kowtow’), ’coolie’ (coolie) ......”. We do not think both of these statements are accurate. Below on this issue for some research and analysis. “Explain Word”: “bitter, bitter, from (?), Ancient sound.” “The Book of Songs” Cai Ling: “bitter bitter”, Note: “Bitter, bitter dish also.” “Bitter”, but also for “one of the five flavors,” one of the “taste” solution. “Er Ya statement”: “bitter, bitter also.” “Book of Songs Valley wind”: “Who says Tu bitter, its sweet as water chestnuts.” “Bitter”, but also can be “labor” solution. “Warring Qin policy” “not bitter”, Note: “bitter, labor also.” In addition, “bitter” can also be “ground”, “sick”, “hurt”, “suffering” and other solutions, no longer cite here.