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批判性是贯穿马克思理论发展始终的思想精髓。马克思作为社会批判理论的创始人,是以资本逻辑为核心展开社会批判的;早期西方马克思主义者卢卡奇、柯尔施、葛兰西等对马克思的批判精神进行了继承与发挥;法兰克福学派第一、二代领导核心则把社会批判的矛头转向了工具理性;法兰克福学派的第三代领导人霍耐特则以“为承认而斗争”为旨向对批判理论进行规范建构。批判理论主题的转换体现了西方马克思主义者依据资本主义社会的新变化对马克思社会批判理论的新拓展,批判理论的演变逻辑彰显了马克思社会批判理论的时代“在场”。
Criticalness is the ideological essence that runs through the development of Marxist theory. As the founder of social critical theory, Marx started social criticism with capital logic as its core. Early Western Marxists Lukacs, Korsch, Gramsci carried on and criticized Marx’s critical spirit. The Frankfurt School The first and second generations of core leadership shifted the criticism of society to instrumental rationality. The third generation of the Frankfurt School’s leader, Honnett, standardized the critical theory with the aim of “fighting for recognition.” The transformation of critical thematic theme embodies the new expansion of Marxist social critique by western Marxists based on the new changes in capitalist society. The logic of the evolution of critical theory highlights the era of “social presence” by Marx’s logic.