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Antigen-specific T-cell responses are triggered via interaction of T cell receptors (TCR) with pathogen-or tumorderived peptides presented on major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) by antigen-presenting cells (APCs).The mechanisms of TCR signaling are fundamentally important to our understanding of adaptive immunity and TCR-based therapies.This can be exemplified by the fact that studies of TCR have led to clinical development of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells (Srivastava and Riddell,2015).