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为评价工人接触有害的气溶胶,应测定直接参与生物效应的气溶胶组分。劳动卫生学最早提出与健康有关的气溶胶组分(health-related aerosol fraction)这一概念,并用于工作场所粉尘按颗粒大小的选择性采样测定。英国医学研究委员会(BMRC)对呼吸性粉尘组分的定义在1960年即得到国际公认,尔后也制订了其他一些规则。值得注意的是,欧盟标准委员会(CEN)、国际标准化组织(ISO)和美国政府工业卫生工作者协会(ACGIH)在上世纪90年代就可吸入性、胸腔的和呼吸性气溶胶3个组分的定义达成一致意见,在世界范围采用了同一个规则。我国职业卫生标准在2002年要求测定呼吸性粉尘。近年,人们又提出超细颗粒(ultrafine particulates)这个新名词。由于它粒径小(直径≤100nm),可自由地进出细胞,其健康效应令人担心。ISO/CEN 2004年制订了一个草案,讨论其职业接触和评价问题。近期《The Annals ofOccupational Hygiene》发表的文章中,BARTLEY博士阐述了7个组分的气溶胶采样规则,包括呼吸道5个特定的区域(而不是传统的3个区域);在粒径上包括了超细气溶胶颗粒;需要多个热动力学和空气动力学不同工作原理的采样器矩阵进行测定。其目的并不是取代现有的国际标准,而是要促进采样器的创新设计。本文主要根据BARTLEY博士的述评和有关资料,简要介绍气溶胶组分和采样的一些进展,以期引起同行的关注。
To assess workers exposure to hazardous aerosols, aerosols that directly participate in biological effects should be measured. The concept of health-related aerosol fractions was first proposed in the field of hygiene at work and was used for the selective sampling of dust particles in the workplace by particle size. The British Medical Research Council (BMRC) definition of components of respiratory dust became internationally recognized in 1960, and other rules were later developed. It is noteworthy that the European Union (CEN), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American Government Association of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) had three components of inhalable, pleural and respiratory aerosols in the 1990s Reached a consensus on the definition of the same rules in the world. Occupational health standards in China in 2002 require determination of respiratory dust. In recent years, people have proposed the new term ultrafine particulates. Because of its small size (diameter ≤ 100nm), free access to cells, the health effects are cause for concern. ISO / CEN 2004 prepared a draft to discuss occupational exposure and evaluation issues. In an article recently published in “The Annals of Ocupational Hygiene,” Dr. BARTLEY elaborates on seven components of the aerosol sampling rule, including five specific areas of the respiratory tract (rather than the traditional three areas) Fine aerosol particles; multiple sampler matrices that require different thermodynamic and aerodynamic workings. The aim is not to replace existing international standards but to promote innovative design of samplers. This article mainly based on Dr. BARTLEY’s review and related information, a brief introduction to some of the progress of aerosol components and sampling, with a view to arousing peer attention.