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本文评述了关于比例原则快速传播的几个功能性解释(早期的法律发展、冲突管理、通用语和原始司法权力)并且给出了一个内在的新的解释。我们认为比例原则实质上是正当理由的需求,这种正当理由的需求代表了宪法在全球水平上的深刻转变。正当理由文化的核心是政府应当对其所有行为提供实质的正当理由。我们指出了自“二战”后演化的支持正当理由文化的西方宪政体系的一些特征。这些特征包括宽泛的权利概念,强调宪法解释的原则和价值而不是文本的广泛尝试,实质性审查的低门槛,以及没有法律“黑洞”。我们还提出了正当理由文化崛起的两个历史解释。其中之一是与“二战”后发展的人权思想的兴起有关,这是对民族主义和民粹主义威胁的反应。另外一个是可追溯至19世纪德国法律科学运动的理性的乐观信念的根源。我们结束我们的评述认为朝向比例原则与正当理由文化的逐渐转变是作为朝向宪法的行政模式的转变,我们称之为宪法的“行政化”。
This article reviews several functional explanations (early legal developments, conflict management, lingua franca, and original judicial authority) about the rapid spread of the principle of proportionality and gives an inherent new explanation. In our opinion, the principle of proportionality is essentially a demand for justification. The demand for such justification represents a profound change in the constitutional level at the global level. The core of a just cause culture is that the government should provide substantive justification for all its actions. We point out some of the characteristics of the Western constitutional system that has evolved since the “Second World War” to support a culture of justification. These features include a broad concept of rights, emphasizing the principles and values of constitutional interpretation rather than extensive experimentation with texts, low thresholds for substantive examination, and lack of law “black hole ”. We also propose two historical explanations of the rise of culture of justification. One of them is related to the rise of the human rights ideology developed after World War II, which is a reaction to the threat of nationalism and populism. The other is the source of rational optimism dating back to the 19th century German legal science movement. We conclude our comment that the gradual shift towards a culture of proportionality and justification is a shift toward an administrative model of the constitution that we call the constitutional “administration.”