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一、对浙江省自行命题以来高考英语书面表达题的回顾
从2004年开始，浙江省自行组织对英语学科进行高考命题。2004年的书面表达题要求考生向外国笔友介绍两本学习汉语的词典。2005年要求考生向外国朋友介绍中国学生过生日的方式。2006年要求考生围绕“看电影还是读原著”谈自己的看法。2007年要求考生就“英语课的教师授课语言”发表自己的看法，首次采用“二选一”的形式，即让考生在两种提示信息中选取一种进行讨论。以上四个书面表达题设计的情境真实可信，贴近当前社会实际，符合考生的认知水平和生活经历，能够有效考查考生书面表达的实际水平。试题的要求明确，要点提示简明，而且给出必写的内容，有一定的控制性。此外，还要求考生发表自己的建议与看法，这样，考题具有一定的开放性，优秀考生有了发挥的余地，同时，也使考生写出的句式更具多样性，从而增强了试题的有效度和区分度。
二、对2008年浙江高考英语书面表达题的展望
浙江省自行命题以来四年的高考英语书面表达题始终体现了“立足基础，注重能力，突出运用，稳定中求发展”的思想。 体裁相对稳定，题材贴近生活，提示简洁明了；内容体现开放，发挥导向作用。试题要求考生根据所给的情境和要求，用自己的语言组织成一篇内容充实、语言正确、句子连贯、用词贴切的作文。它的特点是要求明确，审题容易，不易离题；实用性强，情境真实，考生有话可说，表达难度不大。目前，高考作文考核主要有三种文体形式（说明文、记叙文和应用文）和三种考查形式（图表、文字提纲和图画）；考查的重点是文章内容要点、语言正误和语言表达三个方面。2007年浙江高考英语书面表达考题具有一定的开放性，考生有了发挥的余地和展示自己语言能力的机会。因此，2008年的浙江高考英语书面表达题应该还将保留一定的开放性。
三、考生在英语高考书面表达中的主要缺陷
考生在英语高考书面表达中的主要缺陷有：不注意使用衔接词，文章缺乏连贯性和逻辑性；用词单调重复，缺乏新意；句式结构单调，简单句偏多；段落层次不清等。在文章行文的连贯性方面，中文强调“意合”，注重段落内容、含义本身的上下连贯性，并不强调衔接词的使用；与此相反，英语强调“形合”，讲究通过衔接词引领段落乃至整篇文章中语意的前后关系。中国学生深受母语的影响，对上述中英文段落行文的差异缺乏足够的认识和重视，致使其在进行英语写作时想当然地遵照母语写作的模式和习惯进行，而忽视衔接词的运用。另外考生词汇量贫乏以及用词考究意识淡薄，导致行文中相当词汇的重复使用。“淡化语法教学”的呼声以及英语试卷中语法类试题的削弱，致使学生语法知识不牢，写作中语病层出不穷，就很难奢求其英文句式的多样化意识和实践。
四、考生在考场上写好作文的基本要点
（一）选词
1.恰当运用简单词汇
恰当运用一些简单词汇（如 make，take，keep，come，go，put，stay，work ...）会使文章显得活泼亲切。这种小词的运用和只会用简单的词不是同一个概念。前者是英语纯熟、地道的表现，而后者则体现词汇的简陋和贫乏。例如：
（1）原文：A good teacher is supposed to be
responsible，learned，eloquent and humorous.
修改：It takes much such as responsibility，
learning，eloquence and humor to be a good teacher.
（2）原文：The mayor said that pollution had
become our most serious issue.
修改：Pollution，as the mayor put it，hadbecome
our most pressing issue.
2.尽量使用纯正词汇
英语的表达方式十分丰富，善于体会、学习并运用这些生动表达才是真正掌握了这种语言的精要，将他们用于自己的文章中，会使文章大放异彩，感觉词语在跳舞，文章仿佛有了灵魂。
（1）原文：Inventions like trains，airplanes and computers have made our life more convenient.
修改：Inventions like trains，airplanes and
computers have much convenienced our life.
（2） 原文：His inability to speak English puts him at a disadvantage when he attends an international conference.
修改：His inability to speak English disadvantages him when he attends an international conference.
3.力求使用精确词汇
有时为了表达某个意思，写了很多还觉得不达意，但一旦想到了一个好词，大有画龙点睛之感。
（1）原文：In the present time，time is money，so calling is better than writing.
修改：In the present time，time is money，calling provides a better alternative to writing.
（2）原文：If we stay at school，we can use the books in the library and go on with our study.
修改：With easy access to the books in thelibrary，
we can go on with our study.
4.用词要有变化
文章用词切忌重复，贵在错落有致，读起来才有滋有味。比如一个很常用的词“导致，引起”，英语有一系列说法，可以交叉使用：cause，create，produce，lead to，give rise to，help to，generate，bring about，serve to，result in，spark，trigger ...
又如，在写关于城市、乡村生活的作文中，为了反复证明钟情于乡村生活，可用以下不同的句式：
Country life always appeals to me.
City born and city bred，I am always fascinated by country life.
To me，nothing can be compared with the
tranquility of country life.
To me，country life is always superior to town life （the hubbub of the city）.
5.巧用名词和副词
英语的名词，尤其是抽象名词，相对发达。在表达一个较复杂的含有两个或两个以上的动词意群的汉语句子时，可考虑将其中一个动词转化为名词，这样更符合英语的行文习惯。
（1）汉：有些人一提起长假就兴奋不已。
英：Some people get excited at the mention of long holidays.
（2）汉：随着越来越多的人意识到环境问题的重要性，很多人都在为创造一个良好的环境而努力。
英： With the increasing awareness of its
importance，there are many efforts to create a good
nvironment.
6.适当使用委婉表达
委婉是一种明抑实扬、言轻义重的含蓄说法，用来表达不愉快的事情时，效果委婉，听者易于接受。以下表达分别有不同的委婉表达。
to die：to pass away，to depart，to go to heaven，to go to sleep
old age：getting on in years， past the prime
old people：senior citizens，in one’s second child
mad：be of unsound mind，be emotionallydisturbed，
out of one’s mind
cleaner：sanitation engineer
a stupid student：a slow learner，a less brightstudent
poor：needy，underprivileged
dismissal：lay off
bankrupt：out of the game
slum：substandard housing
penniless：out of pocket，hard up，badly off，in reduced circumstances
in debt：in difficulties
unemployed parents：welfare parents
failure：luck is not on one’s side
pornographic movies：adults films，for adultsonly，
only，x-rated films
violence：action
ordinary people，common people（有阶级的色彩）：average person（everyday people）
（二）造句
1.必要时尝试用容量大的句子
中国学生的英语作文句式过于单一简短，几乎都是简单句。这是因为汉语中意思与意思的组合如竹节一样，是行云流水式的；而英语是有逻辑的像大树一样嵌在一起，主句是主干，树干之上再分层次，有从句、分词短语等。要训练学生在造句时怎样将它们合理地组合在一起，使句子显得丰满，有血有肉，而不是单调简陋的排列。合并短小的句子成容量大的句子，也使文章更通顺、连贯。
（1）原文：This city lies on the coast. It covers an area of 50 square kilometers. It has a population of 100 thousand.
修改：Situated on the coast，the city covers an area of 50 square kilometers，with a population of 100 thousand.
（2）原文：I like to get on the Internet，but I
cannot afford a computer. Internetbar makes it possible.
修改：Internetbar makes it possible for a person who cannot afford a computer to get on the net.
2.利用特殊句式
尝试在写作时使用倒装句、强调句、虚拟语气这些特殊句式，使文章文采斐然。
（1）原文：Natural science is indispensable to us.
修改：Had it not been for the development of natural science，we would have been still living in a primitive society.
（2）原文：One of the advantages of calling is its convenience.
修改：Primary among the arguments for calling is its convenience.
3.学会迂回表达
迂回表达是将不便直言的事物用转弯抹角的方式表达出来。其结果是“短话长说”。有时中国学生写的英语文章话语过于直白，淡而无味。而英美报刊、文学作品中常用迂回表达，使文章活泼有趣，富于变化，回味无穷。
（1）原文：I do not think going abroad is good.
修改：Considering all the difficulties it involves，
why so many people insist on going abroad is beyond my ken.
（2）原文：In the year 2000 China finally
succeeded in her accession to the WTO after a lengthy negotiation.
修改：The year 2000 witnessed China’s final accession to the WTO after a marathon negotiation.
4.巧妙运用修辞
巧妙使用修辞手段会使文章增色。通常用的修辞手法如比喻、借代等，这一点英语和汉语极为相似。如：
There she stood，so motionless，just like a log.（明喻）
Every life has its roses and thorns.（暗喻）
Grey Hair should be respected.（换喻）
My father had to earn bread for the family at the age of fifteen.（提喻）
Some books are to be swallowed，others to be
tasted，and still others to be chewed and digested.（拟人）
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit. （对比）
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.（排比）
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.（重复）
（三）谋篇
1.段落的基本结构
英语段落基本上由主题句 topic sentence（TS）、
发展句 developing sentence（DS）、段末句concluding sentence（CS）构成。如：
【Paragraph 1】Opportunities do not come often （TS）. They come every once in a while （DS1）. Very often，they come quietly and go by without being noticed（DS2）. Therefore，it is advisable that you should value and treat them with care （CS）.
【Paragraph 2】Diligence is the key to success（TS）. It means persist work and does not mean that we are to exertourlves all day all night without rest，without food and without sleep（DS1）. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement，or to work persistently without any waste of time （DS2）.
2.段落的连贯用语
（1）导入段
A proverb says ...
Generally speaking ...
Many people often ask the question ...
It is often said that ...
As is known to all ...
Over the past few years ...
A recent survey provides ...
Various views exist as to ...
It goes without saying that ...
Along with the development in ...
（2）发展段
We must recognize that ...
It is true that ...
No one can deny that ...
What is more serious that ...
There is no doubt that ...
But the problem is not so simple ...
With regard to ...
Yet difference will be found ...
Meanwhile/However ...In actual fact ...
First ... Second ... Third ...
On the other hand ...
In addition to ...
For example ...
For Moreover ...
A second concern is that ...
（3）结尾段
Consequently/All in all/As a final comment...
A conclusion from ... is that ...
As mentioned above ...
In summary/In a word ...
On this background，it was concluded that...
To sum up/In brief/At length...
In conclusion/ On account of this...
We can find that...
To summarize/As a result/In short...
阅读下面的例文，注意文章的“意”连和“形”连相结合。
Attending a college in a foreign country one has to lose a lot. Most probably，you will feel lonelybecause you are far away from your family and your relatives. And you will find many differentliving habits in the new situation. Besides，you have to work hard in your spare time to make a living. Consequently，life would be in a hurry，and you won’t have enough time to relax yourself. So you should be fully prepared for these before deciding to go abroad.
3.段落的衔接手段
（1）“启”，常用于篇章或段落的开头，提出主题或论点，为下文的展开做铺垫。表示“启”的句型和套语有许多，如：
One of the hot issues much talked about is ...
Nowadays there is a growing tendency ...
There is no denying that ...
As goes the saying ...
A recent survey shows that ...
（2）“承”，即承上启下。表示“承”的句型和套语常见的有：
To understand the point /view/nature of ...
It is necessary/essential to analyze/discuss ...
Another factor of equal significance is ...
Aside from/Apart from ...
Take...for example ...
There are many reasons for ...
... is not the sole cause for ...
（3）“转”，即转折，引出相反或相对的观点、看法、情况等。表示“转”的句型和套语常有：
Despite/In spite of/For all ...
Instead of/Rather than ...
In contrast to...
But the opposite/reverse is usually true/the case ...
On the contrary ...
（4）“合”，就是“总结”“综上所述”，主要用于结尾段，起到概括全文、画龙点睛的作用。表示“合”的句型和套语常见的有：
It is high time that ...
We may have a long way to go before ...
From what we discussed above，we may ...
To sum up/In conclusion/As a consequence ...
In summary/Byandlarge/Eventually/To
summarize...
例文：
Private Tutoring
Private tutoring is very popular，especially in big cities. A recent investigation shows that about 60 percent of pupils have private tutors.
On one hand，private tutoring is a good choice for parents who are unable to help their children in study. Onthe other hand，private tutoring is usuallyone-to-
one，the teacher knows the strongest points as well as the weak points of the pupil clearly.
However，private tutoring has its own disadvantages. For one thing，it takes up so much of the pupils’time that they can hardly find enough time for rest and play. For another，children may tend to rely too much on private tutoring，neglecting their classroom study.
To my mind，greater emphasis for children should be laid on classroom study. And private
tutoring should only work as a supplement to the schooling.
五、高考英语书面表达训练建议
从基本词汇的积累和运用着手，强化基本句型和常用句型的训练，创设较为真实的语境，在真实的语境中运用所学的基本句型。
训练写作技巧，熟悉各种文体的结构和段落层次的写作方法，学会使用衔接词。同时，训练认真审题，明确题目要求、人称、时态和内容要点，并进行各类文体的写作训练。
背诵与学生生活相关的一些范文，并对其中的常用词、短语和句型进行归纳、整理和灵活运用。
书面表达的训练要全方位多侧面，提倡同学间相互批改，以提高学生微校验能力，在相互批改中既能互相学习也能警示自己少犯错误；教师适时适度进行面批，对症下药；讲评时注意抓篇章结构、遣词造句以提高学生的写作能力。
在提升写作能力方面，鼓励具有较强语言表达能力的学生使用较复杂的结构和较高级的词汇，强调语篇连贯流畅，使用语句间的连接成分，使全文间结构紧凑，并适当体现开放性表述能力，如在开头或结尾处，恰到好处地点明主题，表达作者的中心思想和意图或提出见解或简单议论。
从2004年开始，浙江省自行组织对英语学科进行高考命题。2004年的书面表达题要求考生向外国笔友介绍两本学习汉语的词典。2005年要求考生向外国朋友介绍中国学生过生日的方式。2006年要求考生围绕“看电影还是读原著”谈自己的看法。2007年要求考生就“英语课的教师授课语言”发表自己的看法，首次采用“二选一”的形式，即让考生在两种提示信息中选取一种进行讨论。以上四个书面表达题设计的情境真实可信，贴近当前社会实际，符合考生的认知水平和生活经历，能够有效考查考生书面表达的实际水平。试题的要求明确，要点提示简明，而且给出必写的内容，有一定的控制性。此外，还要求考生发表自己的建议与看法，这样，考题具有一定的开放性，优秀考生有了发挥的余地，同时，也使考生写出的句式更具多样性，从而增强了试题的有效度和区分度。
二、对2008年浙江高考英语书面表达题的展望
浙江省自行命题以来四年的高考英语书面表达题始终体现了“立足基础，注重能力，突出运用，稳定中求发展”的思想。 体裁相对稳定，题材贴近生活，提示简洁明了；内容体现开放，发挥导向作用。试题要求考生根据所给的情境和要求，用自己的语言组织成一篇内容充实、语言正确、句子连贯、用词贴切的作文。它的特点是要求明确，审题容易，不易离题；实用性强，情境真实，考生有话可说，表达难度不大。目前，高考作文考核主要有三种文体形式（说明文、记叙文和应用文）和三种考查形式（图表、文字提纲和图画）；考查的重点是文章内容要点、语言正误和语言表达三个方面。2007年浙江高考英语书面表达考题具有一定的开放性，考生有了发挥的余地和展示自己语言能力的机会。因此，2008年的浙江高考英语书面表达题应该还将保留一定的开放性。
三、考生在英语高考书面表达中的主要缺陷
考生在英语高考书面表达中的主要缺陷有：不注意使用衔接词，文章缺乏连贯性和逻辑性；用词单调重复，缺乏新意；句式结构单调，简单句偏多；段落层次不清等。在文章行文的连贯性方面，中文强调“意合”，注重段落内容、含义本身的上下连贯性，并不强调衔接词的使用；与此相反，英语强调“形合”，讲究通过衔接词引领段落乃至整篇文章中语意的前后关系。中国学生深受母语的影响，对上述中英文段落行文的差异缺乏足够的认识和重视，致使其在进行英语写作时想当然地遵照母语写作的模式和习惯进行，而忽视衔接词的运用。另外考生词汇量贫乏以及用词考究意识淡薄，导致行文中相当词汇的重复使用。“淡化语法教学”的呼声以及英语试卷中语法类试题的削弱，致使学生语法知识不牢，写作中语病层出不穷，就很难奢求其英文句式的多样化意识和实践。
四、考生在考场上写好作文的基本要点
（一）选词
1.恰当运用简单词汇
恰当运用一些简单词汇（如 make，take，keep，come，go，put，stay，work ...）会使文章显得活泼亲切。这种小词的运用和只会用简单的词不是同一个概念。前者是英语纯熟、地道的表现，而后者则体现词汇的简陋和贫乏。例如：
（1）原文：A good teacher is supposed to be
responsible，learned，eloquent and humorous.
修改：It takes much such as responsibility，
learning，eloquence and humor to be a good teacher.
（2）原文：The mayor said that pollution had
become our most serious issue.
修改：Pollution，as the mayor put it，hadbecome
our most pressing issue.
2.尽量使用纯正词汇
英语的表达方式十分丰富，善于体会、学习并运用这些生动表达才是真正掌握了这种语言的精要，将他们用于自己的文章中，会使文章大放异彩，感觉词语在跳舞，文章仿佛有了灵魂。
（1）原文：Inventions like trains，airplanes and computers have made our life more convenient.
修改：Inventions like trains，airplanes and
computers have much convenienced our life.
（2） 原文：His inability to speak English puts him at a disadvantage when he attends an international conference.
修改：His inability to speak English disadvantages him when he attends an international conference.
3.力求使用精确词汇
有时为了表达某个意思，写了很多还觉得不达意，但一旦想到了一个好词，大有画龙点睛之感。
（1）原文：In the present time，time is money，so calling is better than writing.
修改：In the present time，time is money，calling provides a better alternative to writing.
（2）原文：If we stay at school，we can use the books in the library and go on with our study.
修改：With easy access to the books in thelibrary，
we can go on with our study.
4.用词要有变化
文章用词切忌重复，贵在错落有致，读起来才有滋有味。比如一个很常用的词“导致，引起”，英语有一系列说法，可以交叉使用：cause，create，produce，lead to，give rise to，help to，generate，bring about，serve to，result in，spark，trigger ...
又如，在写关于城市、乡村生活的作文中，为了反复证明钟情于乡村生活，可用以下不同的句式：
Country life always appeals to me.
City born and city bred，I am always fascinated by country life.
To me，nothing can be compared with the
tranquility of country life.
To me，country life is always superior to town life （the hubbub of the city）.
5.巧用名词和副词
英语的名词，尤其是抽象名词，相对发达。在表达一个较复杂的含有两个或两个以上的动词意群的汉语句子时，可考虑将其中一个动词转化为名词，这样更符合英语的行文习惯。
（1）汉：有些人一提起长假就兴奋不已。
英：Some people get excited at the mention of long holidays.
（2）汉：随着越来越多的人意识到环境问题的重要性，很多人都在为创造一个良好的环境而努力。
英： With the increasing awareness of its
importance，there are many efforts to create a good
nvironment.
6.适当使用委婉表达
委婉是一种明抑实扬、言轻义重的含蓄说法，用来表达不愉快的事情时，效果委婉，听者易于接受。以下表达分别有不同的委婉表达。
to die：to pass away，to depart，to go to heaven，to go to sleep
old age：getting on in years， past the prime
old people：senior citizens，in one’s second child
mad：be of unsound mind，be emotionallydisturbed，
out of one’s mind
cleaner：sanitation engineer
a stupid student：a slow learner，a less brightstudent
poor：needy，underprivileged
dismissal：lay off
bankrupt：out of the game
slum：substandard housing
penniless：out of pocket，hard up，badly off，in reduced circumstances
in debt：in difficulties
unemployed parents：welfare parents
failure：luck is not on one’s side
pornographic movies：adults films，for adultsonly，
only，x-rated films
violence：action
ordinary people，common people（有阶级的色彩）：average person（everyday people）
（二）造句
1.必要时尝试用容量大的句子
中国学生的英语作文句式过于单一简短，几乎都是简单句。这是因为汉语中意思与意思的组合如竹节一样，是行云流水式的；而英语是有逻辑的像大树一样嵌在一起，主句是主干，树干之上再分层次，有从句、分词短语等。要训练学生在造句时怎样将它们合理地组合在一起，使句子显得丰满，有血有肉，而不是单调简陋的排列。合并短小的句子成容量大的句子，也使文章更通顺、连贯。
（1）原文：This city lies on the coast. It covers an area of 50 square kilometers. It has a population of 100 thousand.
修改：Situated on the coast，the city covers an area of 50 square kilometers，with a population of 100 thousand.
（2）原文：I like to get on the Internet，but I
cannot afford a computer. Internetbar makes it possible.
修改：Internetbar makes it possible for a person who cannot afford a computer to get on the net.
2.利用特殊句式
尝试在写作时使用倒装句、强调句、虚拟语气这些特殊句式，使文章文采斐然。
（1）原文：Natural science is indispensable to us.
修改：Had it not been for the development of natural science，we would have been still living in a primitive society.
（2）原文：One of the advantages of calling is its convenience.
修改：Primary among the arguments for calling is its convenience.
3.学会迂回表达
迂回表达是将不便直言的事物用转弯抹角的方式表达出来。其结果是“短话长说”。有时中国学生写的英语文章话语过于直白，淡而无味。而英美报刊、文学作品中常用迂回表达，使文章活泼有趣，富于变化，回味无穷。
（1）原文：I do not think going abroad is good.
修改：Considering all the difficulties it involves，
why so many people insist on going abroad is beyond my ken.
（2）原文：In the year 2000 China finally
succeeded in her accession to the WTO after a lengthy negotiation.
修改：The year 2000 witnessed China’s final accession to the WTO after a marathon negotiation.
4.巧妙运用修辞
巧妙使用修辞手段会使文章增色。通常用的修辞手法如比喻、借代等，这一点英语和汉语极为相似。如：
There she stood，so motionless，just like a log.（明喻）
Every life has its roses and thorns.（暗喻）
Grey Hair should be respected.（换喻）
My father had to earn bread for the family at the age of fifteen.（提喻）
Some books are to be swallowed，others to be
tasted，and still others to be chewed and digested.（拟人）
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit. （对比）
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.（排比）
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.（重复）
（三）谋篇
1.段落的基本结构
英语段落基本上由主题句 topic sentence（TS）、
发展句 developing sentence（DS）、段末句concluding sentence（CS）构成。如：
【Paragraph 1】Opportunities do not come often （TS）. They come every once in a while （DS1）. Very often，they come quietly and go by without being noticed（DS2）. Therefore，it is advisable that you should value and treat them with care （CS）.
【Paragraph 2】Diligence is the key to success（TS）. It means persist work and does not mean that we are to exertourlves all day all night without rest，without food and without sleep（DS1）. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement，or to work persistently without any waste of time （DS2）.
2.段落的连贯用语
（1）导入段
A proverb says ...
Generally speaking ...
Many people often ask the question ...
It is often said that ...
As is known to all ...
Over the past few years ...
A recent survey provides ...
Various views exist as to ...
It goes without saying that ...
Along with the development in ...
（2）发展段
We must recognize that ...
It is true that ...
No one can deny that ...
What is more serious that ...
There is no doubt that ...
But the problem is not so simple ...
With regard to ...
Yet difference will be found ...
Meanwhile/However ...In actual fact ...
First ... Second ... Third ...
On the other hand ...
In addition to ...
For example ...
For Moreover ...
A second concern is that ...
（3）结尾段
Consequently/All in all/As a final comment...
A conclusion from ... is that ...
As mentioned above ...
In summary/In a word ...
On this background，it was concluded that...
To sum up/In brief/At length...
In conclusion/ On account of this...
We can find that...
To summarize/As a result/In short...
阅读下面的例文，注意文章的“意”连和“形”连相结合。
Attending a college in a foreign country one has to lose a lot. Most probably，you will feel lonelybecause you are far away from your family and your relatives. And you will find many differentliving habits in the new situation. Besides，you have to work hard in your spare time to make a living. Consequently，life would be in a hurry，and you won’t have enough time to relax yourself. So you should be fully prepared for these before deciding to go abroad.
3.段落的衔接手段
（1）“启”，常用于篇章或段落的开头，提出主题或论点，为下文的展开做铺垫。表示“启”的句型和套语有许多，如：
One of the hot issues much talked about is ...
Nowadays there is a growing tendency ...
There is no denying that ...
As goes the saying ...
A recent survey shows that ...
（2）“承”，即承上启下。表示“承”的句型和套语常见的有：
To understand the point /view/nature of ...
It is necessary/essential to analyze/discuss ...
Another factor of equal significance is ...
Aside from/Apart from ...
Take...for example ...
There are many reasons for ...
... is not the sole cause for ...
（3）“转”，即转折，引出相反或相对的观点、看法、情况等。表示“转”的句型和套语常有：
Despite/In spite of/For all ...
Instead of/Rather than ...
In contrast to...
But the opposite/reverse is usually true/the case ...
On the contrary ...
（4）“合”，就是“总结”“综上所述”，主要用于结尾段，起到概括全文、画龙点睛的作用。表示“合”的句型和套语常见的有：
It is high time that ...
We may have a long way to go before ...
From what we discussed above，we may ...
To sum up/In conclusion/As a consequence ...
In summary/Byandlarge/Eventually/To
summarize...
例文：
Private Tutoring
Private tutoring is very popular，especially in big cities. A recent investigation shows that about 60 percent of pupils have private tutors.
On one hand，private tutoring is a good choice for parents who are unable to help their children in study. Onthe other hand，private tutoring is usuallyone-to-
one，the teacher knows the strongest points as well as the weak points of the pupil clearly.
However，private tutoring has its own disadvantages. For one thing，it takes up so much of the pupils’time that they can hardly find enough time for rest and play. For another，children may tend to rely too much on private tutoring，neglecting their classroom study.
To my mind，greater emphasis for children should be laid on classroom study. And private
tutoring should only work as a supplement to the schooling.
五、高考英语书面表达训练建议
从基本词汇的积累和运用着手，强化基本句型和常用句型的训练，创设较为真实的语境，在真实的语境中运用所学的基本句型。
训练写作技巧，熟悉各种文体的结构和段落层次的写作方法，学会使用衔接词。同时，训练认真审题，明确题目要求、人称、时态和内容要点，并进行各类文体的写作训练。
背诵与学生生活相关的一些范文，并对其中的常用词、短语和句型进行归纳、整理和灵活运用。
书面表达的训练要全方位多侧面，提倡同学间相互批改，以提高学生微校验能力，在相互批改中既能互相学习也能警示自己少犯错误；教师适时适度进行面批，对症下药；讲评时注意抓篇章结构、遣词造句以提高学生的写作能力。
在提升写作能力方面，鼓励具有较强语言表达能力的学生使用较复杂的结构和较高级的词汇，强调语篇连贯流畅，使用语句间的连接成分，使全文间结构紧凑，并适当体现开放性表述能力，如在开头或结尾处，恰到好处地点明主题，表达作者的中心思想和意图或提出见解或简单议论。