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明清通俗小说中涉及到大量的政治、经济类契约描写,大体看来,政治类契约描写呈现出两个倾向:一是叙写与当时政治相关的契约,另一类就是通过重新演绎前代故事,来表达作家心中理想,同时借助作家的重新阐释,探寻古人根深蒂固的契约观在新时代背景下与西方之本质区别。与此同时,明清城市商品经济空前活跃,契约开始集中出现在经济领域,在文学作品中亦有反映。总体来说,明朝至清中叶阶段的小说作品对契约题材以及涉约人物形象的描绘较为片面、单调,还明显带有传统中国的印记;晚清小说中的契约在继承前代的买卖描写外,加入了新的时代内容,比如与外国人做生意和去外洋做工等等,出现了新的缔约阶层如买办,反映晚清国民走出国门,放眼世界,在思想层面上已发生质性飞跃。
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, popular novels involve a large number of political and economic contract descriptions. Generally speaking, the description of political contracts presents two tendencies: one is to describe the contracts related to politics at that time, and the other is to re-interpret the previous generation Story, to express the ideals of the author’s heart, at the same time with the writer’s reinterpretation, to explore the ancient deep-rooted contract view of the ancients in the context of the new era of the essential difference between the West. At the same time, the commodity economy of cities in Ming and Qing dynasties was unprecedentedly active, the contract began to appear in the economic field, and was also reflected in literary works. Generally speaking, novels from the Ming Dynasty to the mid-Qing period were more monotonous and monotonous in portraying the contractual subjects and the characters involved in the contract. They also obviously bear the mark of traditional China. The contract in the late Qing novels inherited the previous sale and purchase descriptions In addition, the new content of the era has been added, such as doing business with foreigners and going overseas to work. A new contracting class like the comprador appeared, reflecting the qualitative leap in the thinking level of the nationals going abroad and the world in the late Qing Dynasty .