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在黑河中游边缘绿洲的沙地农田进行不同施肥对玉米产量及土壤硝态氮积累的试验研究表明,有机肥与化肥配合施用增加作物产量。不同肥料处理,玉米籽粒产量由高到低的顺序依次为NPK3M1(高量氮磷钾肥低量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,300-225-225-15000kg.hm-2)>NPK2M2(中量氮磷钾肥中量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,225-135-135-22500kg.hm-2)>NPK3(高量氮磷钾肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,300-225-225-0kg.hm-2)>NP1M3(低量氮磷肥高量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,150-90-0-30000kg.hm-2)>NP3(高量氮磷肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,300-225-0-0kg.hm-2)>NPK1M3(低量氮磷钾肥高量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,150-90-90-30000kg.hm-2)>NPK2(中量氮磷钾肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,225-135-135-0kg.hm-2)>NPK1(低量氮磷钾肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,150-90-90-0kg.hm-2)>M3(单施有机肥:N-P2O5-K2O-M,0-0-0-30000kg.hm-2)。高量氮磷钾肥配合低量有机肥处理玉米产量最高,单施有机肥处理产量最低。与只施有机肥处理相比,各处理产量分别增加37.68%、33.43%、28.32%、25.10%、24.60%、23.84%、21.46%、11.30%。在不施有机肥的3个氮磷钾施肥处理中,玉米产量和氮肥农学利用效率(AE)随施肥量的增加而增加,但当施肥量超过225-135-135kg.hm-2(N-P2O5-K2O)时,玉米产量和AE不再随施肥量的增加而增加。与不施有机肥处理不同,在氮磷钾配施有机肥的3个处理中,AE随化肥施用量的增加而减少,有机肥的施用使得化肥利用效率增加。不同施肥处理对土壤硝态氮的积累与分布有显著的影响,土壤硝态氮受土壤质地影响主要分布于0～40cm土壤层次内,与化肥单施相比,有机肥导致土壤中硝态氮的积累。因此,从持续农业发展及保护生态环境等方面考虑,有机无机肥配合施用是增加绿洲农田土壤生产力,维持和提高土壤质量的有效途径,与当地农户普遍采用的施肥量相比,有机无机配施的情况下,适度减少化肥投入33%是合理的施肥对策。
Experimental studies on maize yield and nitrate accumulation in sandy farmland in the marginal oasis of the middle reaches of the Heihe River have shown that combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers can increase crop yields. The results showed that NPK3M1 (N-P2O5-K2O-M, 300-225-225-15000kg.hm-2)> NPK3M1> NPK2M2 (NPKM fertilizer application: N-P2O5-K2O-M, 225-135-135-22500kg.hm-2)> NPK3 (NPK fertilizer application: N-P2O5-K2O -M, 300-225-225-0kg.hm-2)> NP1M3 (N-P2O5-K2O-M, 150-90-0-30000kg.hm-2)> NP3 (N-P2O5-K2O-M, 300-225-0-0kg.hm-2)> NPK1M3 (high N, P, K fertilizer: N-P2O5- M, 150-90-90-30000 kg.hm-2)> NPK2 (Medium NPK fertilizers: N-P2O5-K2O-M, 225-135-135-0kg.hm-2)> NPK1 N, P2O5-K2O-M, 150-90-90-0kg.hm-2)> M3 (organic fertilizer alone: N-P2O5-K2O-M, 0-0-0-30000kg. hm-2). High N, P and K fertilizers combined with low amount of organic fertilizer had the highest yield of maize and lowest yield of organic fertilizer. Compared with the treatment of organic fertilizer alone, the yield of each treatment increased by 37.68%, 33.43%, 28.32%, 25.10%, 24.60%, 23.84%, 21.46%, 11.30% respectively. In the three NPK treatments without organic fertilizer, the yield of maize and the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer (AE) increased with the increase of fertilizer application. However, when the amount of fertilizer application exceeded 225-135-135kg.hm-2 (N- P2O5-K2O), corn yield and AE no longer increased with the increase of fertilizer application. Compared with no organic manure treatment, AE decreased with the increase of chemical fertilizer application rate in the three treatments with NPK combined with organic manure, and the application efficiency of organic manure increased the fertilizer use efficiency. Different fertilization treatments had a significant effect on the accumulation and distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen. Soil nitrate nitrogen was mainly distributed in 0-40 cm soil layer under soil texture. Compared with the single application of chemical fertilizers, organic manure caused nitrate nitrogen Accumulation. Therefore, from the aspects of sustainable agricultural development and ecological environment protection, organic and inorganic fertilizers should be combined and applied to increase the productivity of soil in oasis farmland and to maintain and improve the soil quality. Compared with the commonly used amount of fertilizer by local farmers, Of the case, a reasonable reduction of 33% of fertilizer investment is a reasonable fertilization measures.