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船舶溢油事故应急是一个由人、机、组织设施所组成的复杂的动态系统。近年来,针对设施、组织可靠性之评估及优化研究较多,然对应急事件与人的可靠性研究,尚处空白状态。任何忽视人的因素,对应急系统整体可靠性的优化与改善都将受到不利影响。当前,船舶溢油事故不仅使财产损失、人员伤亡,且对人类赖于生存之环境造成严重污染。因此,已引起各国海事机构的高度重视。为提高船舶溢油应急过程的可靠性,基于船舶溢油事故应急特点,结合认知心理学和人的可靠性分析技术建立了应急系统的人的失误模型。从而,定性分析了应急过程中可能发生的三类人误:感知失误、决策失误和行动失误,以及外部环境因素、组织因素、自身因素、人机匹配等人误致因。在此基础上,选取大连港一起极具代表性船舶溢油事故,应用人的可靠性分析技术中的CREAM模型计算得到人误致因与人误之间的相关性。为船舶应急中的人因失误研究进行初步探索。
Ship spill emergency is a complex dynamic system composed of people, machines and organization facilities. In recent years, there have been a lot of studies on the assessment and optimization of the reliability of facilities and organizations. However, the research on emergency and human reliability is still in a blank state. Any neglect of human factors will adversely affect the optimization and improvement of the overall reliability of the emergency system. At present, oil spills on ships not only cause property losses and casualties, but also cause serious pollution to human beings’ living environment. Therefore, the maritime agencies of all countries have drawn great attention. In order to improve the reliability of the ship oil spill response process, a human error model of the emergency system is established based on the emergency characteristics of the ship oil spill accident and the cognitive psychology and human reliability analysis technology. Thus, qualitative analysis of the three types of human errors that may occur in the emergency process: perception errors, decision errors and errors, as well as external environmental factors, organizational factors, their own factors, human error and other human causes. On this basis, we select the most representative ship oil spill accidents in Dalian Port and apply the CREAM model in human reliability analysis technology to calculate the correlation between human error and human error. A preliminary study on human error in ship emergency.