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卡哈尔体(Cajal body,CB)的发现可以溯源至100多年前,而直到近10年的研究取得突破性进展,才逐渐揭示了其复杂的分子组成及生理功能。作为当前备受关注的核内小体之一,CB是细胞核质中处于动态变化的细胞器,广泛存在于高等真核生物的细胞核内,在电镜下表现为球形小体样结构,其中p80 Coilin蛋白是CB最为明确的特异性标志物。CB的分子构成十分复杂,主要包括参与mRNA剪接所需、称为snRNP的核酸与蛋白质复合体的各种组分,以及snoRNAs、scaRNAs和其他相关蛋白质。此外,一些基因活化中不可或缺的转录因子、mRNA修饰的必需蛋白因子以及与细胞增殖和细胞周期功能相关的功能分子等,也被发现存在于CB之中或周边。其中,snRNAs、snoRNAs与scaRNAs等低分子量RNAs在CB中完成自身的成熟并且参与RNP的组装。染色体端粒长度的维持以及组蛋白基因簇的表观遗传修饰依赖于CB的形成与功能发挥。由此可见,CB与细胞周期、细胞增殖、应激和老化等一系列重要的细胞生物学过程存在密切的联系,同时其功能和表现的异常往往也提示与肿瘤的发生相关。该文在归纳CB相关研究最新进展的同时,着重讨论CB的结构与功能及其与疾病的潜在联系。
The discovery of Cajal body (CB) can be traced back to more than 100 years ago, and until nearly 10 years of research made a breakthrough, it gradually revealed its complex molecular composition and physiological function. As one of the nucleosomes of great concern, CB is a dynamically changing organelle in the nucleus of the nucleus, widely present in the nucleus of higher eukaryotes and exhibiting a spherical body-like structure under electron microscopy. Among them, p80 Coilin protein CB is the most specific and specific markers. The molecular makeup of CB is quite complex and consists mainly of the components of the nucleic acid-protein complex known as snRNP involved in mRNA splicing, as well as snoRNAs, scaRNAs and other related proteins. In addition, transcription factors essential for the activation of some genes, essential protein factors for mRNA modification, and functional molecules related to cell proliferation and cell cycle function, have also been found to be present in or around CBs. Among them, low molecular weight RNAs such as snRNAs, snoRNAs and scaRNAs complete their maturation in CB and participate in the assembly of RNP. The maintenance of chromosome telomere length and the epigenetic modification of histone genes depend on the formation and function of CB. Thus, CB and cell cycle, cell proliferation, stress and aging and a series of important cell biological processes are closely linked, while its abnormalities in function and performance often also suggest that the tumor associated. This paper summarizes the recent progress of CB related research and focuses on the CB structure and function and its potential linkages with the disease.