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目的:了解山西医科大学附属人民医院近年来甲状腺结节患者的手术情况及诊断结果，并探讨甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查（FNAC）、两种甲状腺影像与报告数据系统（TI-RADS）分类对甲状腺结节良恶性的诊断效能。方法:回顾性分析2017年1月1日至2019年12月31日于我院行甲状腺结节手术治疗并有明确病理结果的2 132例患者的临床资料，观察不同年份甲状腺良、恶性结节构成比、临床及病理特点；选取FNAC及彩超资料全的433个结节，根据术前高分辨超声图像对结节进行Kwak的TI-RADS（Kwak TI-RADS）及美国放射学会的TI-RADS（ACR TI-RADS）分类，绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线，比较两种超声模式及FNAC的诊断效能。结果:（1）2 132例甲状腺结节患者中，良性743例、恶性1 389例，均以女性多见，年龄（48.7±11.4）岁。初诊良性结节中检查发现占67.97%（505/743），自己发现占32.03%（238/743）；恶性结节中检查发现占48.67%（676/1 389），自己发现占51.33%（713/1 389）。（2）甲状腺彩超资料全的1 118例患者，直径≤1 cm结节的恶性率最低，恶性结节中直径≤1 cm者占比最低。（3）2017—2019年，甲状腺结节手术患者总例数依次为628、722、782例；术后病理诊断为恶性结节的占比依次为56.37%（354/628）、66.48%（480/722）、70.97%（555/782），良性结节的占比依次为43.63%（274/628）、33.52%（242/722）、29.03%（227/782）；所有恶性结节中，乳头状癌占比最高95.18%（1 322/1 389），其后依次为滤泡状癌4.32%（60/1 389）、髓样癌0.43%（60/1 389）、未分化癌0.07%（1/1 389），良性结节中，结节性甲状腺肿占比最高95.56%（710/743）。（4）2017—2019年，术前行FNAC患者占比依次为57.96%（364/628）、63.43%（458/722）、69.44%（543/782），术前FNAC与术后病理诊断的符合率依次为46.15%（168/364）、52.18%（239/458）、62.06%（337/543）。（5）FNAC及彩超资料全的433个结节中，FNAC、ACR TI-RADS、Kawk TI-RADS的曲线下面积依次为0.91、0.74、0.59，且差异有统计学意义（n P<0.05）；ACR TI-RADS、Kawk TI-RADS分类诊断良恶性结节的灵敏度分别为84.34%、37.35%，特异度分别为56.29%、79.14%；Kawk TI-RADS分类较ACR TI-RADS分类灵敏度高（χ2n =77.02，n P<0.001），曲线下面积小（n Z=3.62，n P<0.001），二者特异度差异无统计学意义（n P=0.075）；FNAC的曲线下面积比ACR TI-RADS分类（n Z=5.16，n P<0.001）、Kawk TI-RADS分类（n Z=4.82，n P<0.001）均大。n 结论:2017—2019年，我院单中心甲状腺结节手术例数及恶性结节占比有增加趋势，术前FNAC的实施率及其与术后病理的符合率呈上升趋势；FNAC、ACR TI-RADS、Kawk TI-RADS对良恶性甲状腺结节的鉴别均有一定的诊断效能，诊断价值由高到低依次为FNAC、ACR TI-RADS、Kawk TI-RADS。“,”Objective:To analyze clinicopathological features of thyroid nodules and to assess preoperative diagnostic methods for the nature of nodules.Methods:The clinical and pathological data of 2 132 patients [456 males and 1 676 females with a mean age of (48.7±11.4) year] with thyroid nodules who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Among all patients, 433 nodules had complete fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology (FNAC) and ultrasound results were selected for further assessment. According to preoperative high-resolution ultrasound images, the nodules were classified by Kwak thyroid imaging and reporting data systems (Kwak TI-RADS) and American College of Radiology TI-RADS (ACR TI-RADS). ROC curve was used to assess the diagnostic efficacy of the two ultrasound modes and FNAC.Results:In 2 132 patients with thyroid nodules, 743 were benign and 1 389 were malignant. In all malignant cases 1 119 were females, accounting for 80.56%. In newly diagnosed benign nodules, 67.97% (505/743) were found by examination, and 32.03% (238/743) were self-found. In malignant nodules, 48.67% (676/1 389) were detected by examination, 51.33% (713/1 389) were self-found. The malignant rate of nodule diameter≤1 cm was the lowest in 1 118 patients with complete thyroid ultrasound data. In 628, 722 and 782 patients who underwent surgical treatment in 2017, 2018 and 2019, the proportion of malignant nodules was 56.37% (354/628), 66.48% (480/722) and 70.97% (555/782); the proportion of benign nodules was 43.63% (274/628), 33.52% (242/722) and 29.03% (227/782), respectively. Among all malignant nodules, papillary carcinoma accounted for 95.18% (1 322/1 389), followed by follicular carcinoma 4.32% (60/1 389), myeloid carcinoma 0.43% (60/1 389) and undifferentiated carcinoma 0.07%(1/1 389). Among all benign nodules, the proportion of nodular goiter was the highest (95.56%, 710/743). The proportion of patients undergoing preoperative FNAC in 2017, 2018 and 2019 was 57.96% (364/628), 63.43% (458/722) and 69.44% (543/782), respectively;the coincidence rate of preoperative FNAC and postoperative pathological diagnosis was 46.15% (168/364), 52.18% (239/458) and 62.06% (337/543), respectively. Among 433 nodules with both FNAC and ultrasound data, the areas under the ROC curve(AUC)of FNA, ACR TI-RADS and Kawk TI-RADS were 0.91, 0.74 and 0.59, respectively (n P<0.05). The sensitivity of ACR TI-RADS and Kawk TI-RADS was 84.34%, 37.35% (n P<0.05) and specificity was 56.29% and 79.14% (n P=0.075).n Conclusions:The study reveals that from 2017 to 2019, both the number of cases and malignant rate of thyroid nodules shows a rising trend, meanwhile the application rate of preoperative FNAC and its coincidence rate with postoperative pathology shows an increasing trend. FNAC, ACR Ti-RADS and Kawk TI-RADS have certain diagnostic efficacy in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules, and the diagnostic value of FNAC is the highest followed by ACR TI-RADS and Kawk TI-RADS.