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能传电的物体叫导体。导体可分做两类。在第一类导体中,电荷的移动并不引起导体的化学性质的任何变化,也没有任何显著的物质的迁移。一切金属都属于这一类导体。在构成金属原子的电子中,往往有一部分因为跟原子核联系很脆弱,而自由地无规则地在各个原子之间移动。这些自由电子数量很大,几乎跟原子个数相等。在未带电的金属中,这些自由电子的负电荷跟金属离子(“失去”这些自由电子的原子)的正电荷相等。有过多的电子由外面进入,金属就带负电;金属失去了一部分电子,就带正电。在感应带电的情形下,电子在外界电荷引力或斥力作用下移动到导体的一端,在这一端就有过多的
The object that can transmit electricity is called conductor. Conductors can be divided into two categories. In the first type of conductor, the movement of the charge does not cause any change in the chemical properties of the conductor, nor does it have any significant material migration. All metals belong to this type of conductor. In the electrons constituting the metal atom, there is often a part that is very fragile because it is in contact with the nucleus, and is free to move randomly between atoms. The number of these free electrons is very large, almost equal to the number of atoms. In an uncharged metal, the negative charge of these free electrons is equal to the positive charge of the metal ion (the atom that “loses” these free electrons). Excessive electrons enter from the outside and the metal is negatively charged; the metal loses part of the electrons and brings positive electricity. In the case of inductive charging, electrons move to one end of the conductor under the influence of external charge attraction or repulsion. There is too much at this end.