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外来务工者已经构成上海产业工人队伍的重要组成部分。承担着城市各种产业和职业中较为艰苦的工作,对城市的生存、建设和发展作出了重大的贡献。可以说,离开了数量庞大的外来务工者,城市无论在从业者愿意、用工成本,还是工作效率方面都会遇到难以克服的困难。城市对外来务工者的依赖, 既体现了外来务工者对城市的价值,也是城市对外来务工者的欠账。在特大城市严格户籍管理的背景下,外来务工者从一开始就是作为体制外、边缘性人物进入城市的,他们没有城市居民身份,不能享有“市民权”,不享受社会保障和社会福利。不拥有平等从事各种合法职业人资格,一段时间内甚至还得为所谓给城里人带来的就业竞争交纳补偿费用。在这层意义上,外来务工者权益受损害从一开始就是制度性的,外来务工者在特定企业或特定工作岗位上的处境不利,只是他们在城市就业制度中的处境不利之微观反映。
Migrant workers have formed an important part of the industrial workers in Shanghai. Bear the more difficult jobs in various industries and occupations in the city and make great contributions to the city’s survival, construction and development. It can be said that leaving a large number of migrant workers, the city will encounter insurmountable difficulties in terms of practitioners’ willingness, labor cost and efficiency. The dependence of the city on migrant workers embodies the value of migrant workers to the cities and accounts for the migrant workers in urban areas. In the context of strict household registration management in megalopolises, migrant workers from the outset entered the cities as out-of-system, marginalized people who did not have urban citizenship and did not enjoy “citizenship” and did not enjoy social security and social benefits. Do not have the qualifications to engage in various legitimate occupations equally, and even have to pay for the so-called employment competition brought by urban residents for a period of time. In this sense, the damage to the rights and interests of migrant workers has been institutionalized from the outset. Migrant workers are disadvantaged in a particular enterprise or in a particular job, but only as a result of their unfavorable micro-reflection in the urban employment system.