论文部分内容阅读
【摘要】短文改错是近年来英语高考试题中的一个常见题型，它考查学生基础语法知识的运用和语篇处理等多方面的综合能力。短文改错能力的强弱也体现出口笔头表达水平的高低，因此笔者认为很有必要在这方面多花功夫，既提高学生的短文改错能力，又提高其英语口笔头表达能力。
【关键词】短文改错 提高能力
How to improve students’ ability to finish the Essay Errors
Tang zhengguo
【Abstract】The part, essay errors, is the common examination questions in the English entrance examination for college in the recent years. It examines students’ application of the basic grammar knowledge and the general ability to deal with the texts. The ability to practice the essay errors also can show students’ spoken and written level. Therefore, the author thinks that it is very necessary to spend more time on that, because which not only can improve students’ ability to do that exercise but also improve their oral and written ability.
【Keywords】Essay errors Improvement of ability
短文改错是近年来英语高考试题中的一个常见题型。它考查学生基础语法知识的运用和语篇处理等多方面的综合能力，短文改错能力的强弱也体现出口笔头表达水平的高低，因此笔者认为很有必要在这方面多花功夫，既提高其短文改错能力，也提高其英语口笔头表达能力。就如何提高短文改错能力，笔者有如下几点意见：
1．归纳总结，梳理短文改错常见类型，把握短文改错基本方向。笔者在长期的英语教学工作中总结出如下短文改错常见类型：
1．1 语法错词热点：①动词时态、语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致关系；②关系代词和关系副词、引导名词性从句的连词及引导状语从句的从属连词；③可数名词、不可数名词类别及可数名字的单复数变化错误；④介词和动词的搭配错误；⑤形容词/副词词类错用；⑥定冠词和不定冠词的错用；⑦人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词及one\it\that的错用；⑧固定句型、固定短语。
1．2 语法多词和缺词热点：①冠词；②介词；③副词；④代词；⑤连词；⑥小品词to。
1．3 语意错误热点：①动词错用；②连词错用。
【例题解析】
（1）错词。
1）动词错误：
①时态和语态、主谓一致的错误。
整体时态：
*Then I ask him “Grandma, how come you have so much lines on your hand”.
全文为故事，故ask改为asked。
②主谓一致。
*But not all information are good to society.
主语不可数，所以动词用is。
③非谓语动词。
*I am looking forward to see all of you again in the near future.(seeing)
解析：to为介词，故此see改为seeing。
* Not only play football makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
解析：主语应为动名词，故play football改为playing football。
*The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming down.
解析：分词做定语，故keeps改为keeping。
*I found a small house standing in a field with a light shone from the sitting room.
解析：with a light shone改为with a light shining。a light和shining为主动关系。
*I just want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person. (become)
解析：help sb do sth 故改becoming为become。
*He did not want share things with others.
解析：want to do sth表示“想要做某事”。
*I have some records giving to me as birthday gifts.
解析：have sth done, some records和give是被动关系，故改为given。
2）连词错用：
*We would return at night to hear that he`d picked up from the radio in the day.
解析：考查宾语从句，pick up缺宾语，故改that为what。
*The classes helped me understand what the world works.
解析：从句中不缺宾语而缺少方式状语，故改what为how。
3）形容词/副词错用：【短文改错主要特点】
*You always gave me specially attention.
解析：名词应该被形容词special修饰。
*It is real a good chance to have met all of you here.
解析：副词really修饰系词，故改real为really。
*My hometown has taken on a new look. How great it has changed!
解析：great修饰动词，故改为greatly。
4）冠词错误：
*This is my first visit to a American family. (an)
解析：American 第一个音标的音素是元音，故用an。
*Each player must obey captain, who is the leader of the team.
解析：有定语修饰，the特指captain。
*Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.
解析：固定搭配catch sight of，故此去掉冠词a。
5）代词错误：
①反身代词
*I just smiled to me and thought ,…
解析：主语和宾语相同，故此me—myself。
②形容词性物主代词
*Besides, the foreign teachers here work hard and try his best to make the activities lively and interesting. (his --their)
解析：主语是第三人称复数，因此try one`s best中one’s也应第三人称复数their。
③it/that/them /us
*I thought that was dull to watch a game in which players kicked a ball to each other.
解析：that不可以做形式主语，故改为it。
*It was about noon when we arrived at the foot of the mountain. The three of them were very excited. 前后人称错误。故此改them为us。
6）名词单复数和名词的所有格的错误：
*She marked strictly on student’s performance. (students’)
解析：students为规则变化的复数，其所有格应是students’。
*Physics is one of the most difficult subject for us. (subjects )
解析：one of说明后面为复数形式。
*We practice three times every week and often watch football match on TV together.
解析：常常看比赛，故此match改为matches。
* I have no papers to write on.
解析：纸不可数，所以改为paper。
7）介词错误：
*He left Shanghai at a cold night.
解析：一天的部分被修饰时，介词用on。
*I am a new comer of a small town.
解析：根据句子意思，来自一个小镇come from a small town。
* I was caught by the rain last night.
解析：固定短语be caught in the rain遇上雨。
（2）多余词。
多词一般为：冠词/连词/介词/系词be及助词等。
*They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early in the morning.
解析：连词多余，故此去掉(that)，原句是状语从句。
*The crowd waiting for to greet them in England was very surprised. (for)
解析：没有宾语，所以去掉for。
*Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.
解析：固定短语，catch sight of：偶然看见。
*My mother was asked: “Have you taken medicine?”
解析：根据句意，是妈妈问，故为主动语态。
（3）缺词。
缺词一般为：冠词/连词/介词/系词be助词/
*He was looking for a glass ^the cupboard. (in)
解析：根据句意，in the cupboard做状语。
*However, the popular teacher is at^ same time the one who should be strict with students. (the)
解析：形容词same 和the 搭配使用，故在same前加the。
*In one class, I learned^ it rained. (why)
解析：根据句子意思可知，缺连接词，句意为：在一节课上，我知道了下雨的原因。
缺系动词
*What ^your favorite sport? (is)
解析：句子中缺系词，在What加is。
（4）语意错误。
*Thousands sell tickets to watch football or basketball games.
解析：句子意思：数千人卖掉票去看足球或者篮球比赛。故此错误，sell—buy。
*Not all people like to work and everyone like to play.
解析：句子意思：并非所有的人都喜欢工作，并且所有的人喜欢玩。语意错误，应该为转折关系，and—but。
2．巩固基础语法知识，为短文改错提供理论依据。近年来，因为单纯考查语法知识的题目，尤其单项选择的题目较少，许多英语教师认为应降低对英语语法知识的重视程度。笔者认为，英语语法毕竟是前人经过长期积累和总结而形成的规范的表达方式，它应当是我们正确地理解和表达思想的工具和桥梁。比如，将I am a student讲成I is a student，听说双方都一定会感觉很别扭的。短文改错中语法类纠错也是为了规范我们的表达方式。因此，笔者认为中学生应当且有必要掌握基本的英语语法知识，只有这样，才能辨识并纠正语法方面的错误。但不能采用死记硬背的方法学习语法知识，而应当将其贯穿于听、说、读、写各个环节中，与具体语言环境相结合，在理解的基础上学会运用。
3．加强朗读与背诵，积累尽可能多的句型、短语。在短文改错中，常有考查固定句型和短语的题目，其中介词短语和动词短语最常见，如06四川卷考查短语make up one’s mind，08陕西卷考查in fact，08重庆卷考查be worth doing等等。因此，多记固定句型和短语可以让我们在短文改错中少走弯路。
4．加强听立训练与朗读，培养良好语言感觉能力。良好的语感是我们的语言感觉器官长期受到语言刺激而形成的条件反射，有了它，我们便能在遇到相关问题时快速反映并准确地找到答案。
总之，只要我们理清了思路，把握住了方向，并在听、说、读、写等方面多花功夫，就一定能在短文改错上取得快速而长足的进步，也为我们英语学习其他方面的提高奠定坚实的基础。
【关键词】短文改错 提高能力
How to improve students’ ability to finish the Essay Errors
Tang zhengguo
【Abstract】The part, essay errors, is the common examination questions in the English entrance examination for college in the recent years. It examines students’ application of the basic grammar knowledge and the general ability to deal with the texts. The ability to practice the essay errors also can show students’ spoken and written level. Therefore, the author thinks that it is very necessary to spend more time on that, because which not only can improve students’ ability to do that exercise but also improve their oral and written ability.
【Keywords】Essay errors Improvement of ability
短文改错是近年来英语高考试题中的一个常见题型。它考查学生基础语法知识的运用和语篇处理等多方面的综合能力，短文改错能力的强弱也体现出口笔头表达水平的高低，因此笔者认为很有必要在这方面多花功夫，既提高其短文改错能力，也提高其英语口笔头表达能力。就如何提高短文改错能力，笔者有如下几点意见：
1．归纳总结，梳理短文改错常见类型，把握短文改错基本方向。笔者在长期的英语教学工作中总结出如下短文改错常见类型：
1．1 语法错词热点：①动词时态、语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致关系；②关系代词和关系副词、引导名词性从句的连词及引导状语从句的从属连词；③可数名词、不可数名词类别及可数名字的单复数变化错误；④介词和动词的搭配错误；⑤形容词/副词词类错用；⑥定冠词和不定冠词的错用；⑦人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词及one\it\that的错用；⑧固定句型、固定短语。
1．2 语法多词和缺词热点：①冠词；②介词；③副词；④代词；⑤连词；⑥小品词to。
1．3 语意错误热点：①动词错用；②连词错用。
【例题解析】
（1）错词。
1）动词错误：
①时态和语态、主谓一致的错误。
整体时态：
*Then I ask him “Grandma, how come you have so much lines on your hand”.
全文为故事，故ask改为asked。
②主谓一致。
*But not all information are good to society.
主语不可数，所以动词用is。
③非谓语动词。
*I am looking forward to see all of you again in the near future.(seeing)
解析：to为介词，故此see改为seeing。
* Not only play football makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
解析：主语应为动名词，故play football改为playing football。
*The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming down.
解析：分词做定语，故keeps改为keeping。
*I found a small house standing in a field with a light shone from the sitting room.
解析：with a light shone改为with a light shining。a light和shining为主动关系。
*I just want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person. (become)
解析：help sb do sth 故改becoming为become。
*He did not want share things with others.
解析：want to do sth表示“想要做某事”。
*I have some records giving to me as birthday gifts.
解析：have sth done, some records和give是被动关系，故改为given。
2）连词错用：
*We would return at night to hear that he`d picked up from the radio in the day.
解析：考查宾语从句，pick up缺宾语，故改that为what。
*The classes helped me understand what the world works.
解析：从句中不缺宾语而缺少方式状语，故改what为how。
3）形容词/副词错用：【短文改错主要特点】
*You always gave me specially attention.
解析：名词应该被形容词special修饰。
*It is real a good chance to have met all of you here.
解析：副词really修饰系词，故改real为really。
*My hometown has taken on a new look. How great it has changed!
解析：great修饰动词，故改为greatly。
4）冠词错误：
*This is my first visit to a American family. (an)
解析：American 第一个音标的音素是元音，故用an。
*Each player must obey captain, who is the leader of the team.
解析：有定语修饰，the特指captain。
*Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.
解析：固定搭配catch sight of，故此去掉冠词a。
5）代词错误：
①反身代词
*I just smiled to me and thought ,…
解析：主语和宾语相同，故此me—myself。
②形容词性物主代词
*Besides, the foreign teachers here work hard and try his best to make the activities lively and interesting. (his --their)
解析：主语是第三人称复数，因此try one`s best中one’s也应第三人称复数their。
③it/that/them /us
*I thought that was dull to watch a game in which players kicked a ball to each other.
解析：that不可以做形式主语，故改为it。
*It was about noon when we arrived at the foot of the mountain. The three of them were very excited. 前后人称错误。故此改them为us。
6）名词单复数和名词的所有格的错误：
*She marked strictly on student’s performance. (students’)
解析：students为规则变化的复数，其所有格应是students’。
*Physics is one of the most difficult subject for us. (subjects )
解析：one of说明后面为复数形式。
*We practice three times every week and often watch football match on TV together.
解析：常常看比赛，故此match改为matches。
* I have no papers to write on.
解析：纸不可数，所以改为paper。
7）介词错误：
*He left Shanghai at a cold night.
解析：一天的部分被修饰时，介词用on。
*I am a new comer of a small town.
解析：根据句子意思，来自一个小镇come from a small town。
* I was caught by the rain last night.
解析：固定短语be caught in the rain遇上雨。
（2）多余词。
多词一般为：冠词/连词/介词/系词be及助词等。
*They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early in the morning.
解析：连词多余，故此去掉(that)，原句是状语从句。
*The crowd waiting for to greet them in England was very surprised. (for)
解析：没有宾语，所以去掉for。
*Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.
解析：固定短语，catch sight of：偶然看见。
*My mother was asked: “Have you taken medicine?”
解析：根据句意，是妈妈问，故为主动语态。
（3）缺词。
缺词一般为：冠词/连词/介词/系词be助词/
*He was looking for a glass ^the cupboard. (in)
解析：根据句意，in the cupboard做状语。
*However, the popular teacher is at^ same time the one who should be strict with students. (the)
解析：形容词same 和the 搭配使用，故在same前加the。
*In one class, I learned^ it rained. (why)
解析：根据句子意思可知，缺连接词，句意为：在一节课上，我知道了下雨的原因。
缺系动词
*What ^your favorite sport? (is)
解析：句子中缺系词，在What加is。
（4）语意错误。
*Thousands sell tickets to watch football or basketball games.
解析：句子意思：数千人卖掉票去看足球或者篮球比赛。故此错误，sell—buy。
*Not all people like to work and everyone like to play.
解析：句子意思：并非所有的人都喜欢工作，并且所有的人喜欢玩。语意错误，应该为转折关系，and—but。
2．巩固基础语法知识，为短文改错提供理论依据。近年来，因为单纯考查语法知识的题目，尤其单项选择的题目较少，许多英语教师认为应降低对英语语法知识的重视程度。笔者认为，英语语法毕竟是前人经过长期积累和总结而形成的规范的表达方式，它应当是我们正确地理解和表达思想的工具和桥梁。比如，将I am a student讲成I is a student，听说双方都一定会感觉很别扭的。短文改错中语法类纠错也是为了规范我们的表达方式。因此，笔者认为中学生应当且有必要掌握基本的英语语法知识，只有这样，才能辨识并纠正语法方面的错误。但不能采用死记硬背的方法学习语法知识，而应当将其贯穿于听、说、读、写各个环节中，与具体语言环境相结合，在理解的基础上学会运用。
3．加强朗读与背诵，积累尽可能多的句型、短语。在短文改错中，常有考查固定句型和短语的题目，其中介词短语和动词短语最常见，如06四川卷考查短语make up one’s mind，08陕西卷考查in fact，08重庆卷考查be worth doing等等。因此，多记固定句型和短语可以让我们在短文改错中少走弯路。
4．加强听立训练与朗读，培养良好语言感觉能力。良好的语感是我们的语言感觉器官长期受到语言刺激而形成的条件反射，有了它，我们便能在遇到相关问题时快速反映并准确地找到答案。
总之，只要我们理清了思路，把握住了方向，并在听、说、读、写等方面多花功夫，就一定能在短文改错上取得快速而长足的进步，也为我们英语学习其他方面的提高奠定坚实的基础。