Carrier management makes perovskite solar cells approaching Shockley-Queisser limit

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Metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have drawn enormous attention due to their great potential to share the market of silicon solar cells[1-3].During the past few years,significant progress has been made in fabrication method,chemical composition,defect passivation,and strain regulation of perovskite materials,making PSCs one of the most promising solution-processed photovoltaic technologies with high efficiency and low cost[4-6].However,there still remains a large gap between the power conversion effi-ciency(PCE)of state-of-the-art PSCs and Shockley-Queisser(S-Q)limit due to excessive carrier recombination[7,8].The carrier recombination at the interfaces between perovskite layer and charge-transport layers(Fig.la)induces large open-circuit voltage(Vqc)deficits and low fill factor(FF),limiting the PCE of PSCs[9,10].Improving carrier management is an effective way to make the PCE of PSCs approaching S-Q limit(Fig.1b).
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