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模糊痕迹理论是用于解释记忆、判断与决策的综合性理论,该理论的提出和发展主要基于对信息存储、表征、提取和加工过程的研究。本文首先介绍了模糊痕迹理论的基本原则,在此基础上重点讨论了其要义(gist)如何发挥核心作用,使得模糊痕迹理论有别于其他传统的决策模型。该理论将高级直觉与原始冲动性进行了区分,并且预测决策误差来源于判断与决策的各种不同成分,如背景知识、信息表征、提取和加工过程等。模糊痕迹理论不仅可以解释诸如框架效应、合取谬误等传统决策与判断文献中常讨论的误差现象,同时基于该理论的研究还得到了一些与传统决策理论相悖的新发现。此外,对脑与行为如何发育性变化的研究为我们了解成人的认知过程提供了至关重要的新视角,这些对脑与行为的发育性研究和对特殊人群的研究结果也都支持了模糊痕迹理论对要义加工依赖的预测。
Fuzzy trace theory is a comprehensive theory used to explain memory, judgment and decision-making. The theory is proposed and developed based on the research of information storage, characterization, extraction and processing. This paper first introduces the basic principles of fuzzy trace theory, and then focuses on how its gist plays a central role, making the fuzzy trace theory different from other traditional decision models. The theory distinguishes between high-level intuition and original impulsivity, and predicts the error of decision-making from various components of judgment and decision-making, such as background knowledge, information representation, extraction and processing. The fuzzy trace theory can not only explain the error phenomena often discussed in the traditional decision-making and judgment documents such as the frame effect and the fallacy of fetching, but also some new findings contrary to the traditional decision theory have been obtained based on the research. In addition, the study of how the brain and behavior evolve evolutively provides a crucial new perspective on our understanding of the cognitive processes of adults, and these developments in brain and behavior and the findings of special populations also support ambiguity Prediction of the dependence of trace theory on process processing.