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摘要: 提出研究一种适用于旋转机械频率可在线连续调节的笼式调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper, TMD),通过在线改变其悬臂杆有效长度可连续改变TMD的刚度,从而实现TMD频率的调节。该笼式TMD具有结构紧凑、刚度调整范围大优点。建立转子-TMD的有限元模型,设计基于转速的分段控制策略实现对该TMD的频率调节控制,仿真对比分析TMD在频率可控及不可控情况下对柔性转子过临界及在工作转速下的不衡振动抑制效果,并设计相应的实验平台进行验证分析。仿真及实验结果均表明:基于转速的分段控制策略能实现在线控制TMD频率调节,有效控制柔性转子过临界及工作转速的不衡振动,相对于被动型频率不可调TMD更具有优势,其减振效果明显,降幅高达90.8%。
关键词: 转子动力学; 笼式调谐质量阻尼器; 分段控制; 减振
中图分类号: O347.6文献标志码:
A文章编号: 1004-4523(2015)05-0778-07
引言
旋转机械如离心风机,即使做了初始平衡但运行中因介质造成轮盘磨损或结垢会产生较大的不平衡振动。特别是对于某些工作转速在一阶临界转速以上的高速转子,在启停车阶段必须经过临界转速,此时转子会产生强烈共振。传统的做法需要在停机的情况下基于模态平衡法和影响系数法进行动平衡处理[1-4],不仅影响生产的正常进行,也造成了人力和经济的损失。如今存在各种转子不平衡的减振方法。其中转子的自动平衡技术可以在不停机的情况下对转子进行在线平衡,因此具有重要的应用意义[5-6]。目前常用的在线自动平衡技术主要有电磁式自动平衡和液压式自动平衡[7-8]。电磁型主动平衡装置结构复杂、造价贵,且受平衡能力及工作条件的限制,多应用在要求平衡能力小的小型转子上,如磨床等领域[9-10]。液压式自动平衡技术是一种能够提供足够大平衡能力且不受外界工作环境影响的在线自动平衡技术。国外该技术已在磨床领域、石化和电力行业的大型旋转机械领域得到广泛应用,国内仍处于科研阶段[11-14]。调谐质量阻尼器由于结构简单、减振效果好已广泛用于控制结构振动,尤其是高楼、桥梁建筑的风载或地震[15],一般由质量块、弹簧和阻尼器组成。 由于TMD 对调谐频率的敏感性,近期许多学者对其有效频带拓宽方法进行了研究,出现了各种半主动和主动调谐质量阻尼器以便调谐其目标频率[16]。对TMD用于控制转子不平衡振动研究比较少。曾有研究通过被动TMD增加机床结构的阻尼,例如在铣床主轴、磨床主轴、镗杆等上减少刀杆的颤振[17-18]。刘耀宗等采用动力吸振器有效抑制轴系各阶轴向共振频率附近的轴-壳共振,而对其他频段的轴壳轴向共振则效果不佳[19]。John Arrigan等在风力发动机叶片上通过半主动调谐质量阻尼器成功控制叶片拍振[20]。针对以上平衡技术的缺陷,本文设计研究了一种半主动连续变频笼式结构调谐质量阻尼器在线控制转子不平衡振动。先探讨半主动连续调频笼式调谐质量阻尼器结构特性,并设计基于转速的分段控制策略,结合有限元和转子动力学理论对TMD-转子模型进行数值分析此频率可调TMD控制柔性转子过临界及在工作转速下的不平衡振动特性,并设计了相应的实验进行验证。从而为该技术在旋转机械领域的推广应用奠定了基础。
1连续调频笼式TMD结构特性研究
1.1阻尼器结构设计
该半主动连续调频笼式TMD结构如图1所示,由轴承、辅助环、悬臂杆笼条及环形辅助质量块组成。轴承安装在转轴上不作为转子系统的支撑,仅起到传递振动能量的作用;辅助环套在轴承外圈,起辅助连接作用;笼条采用5根圆形截面悬臂杆和1根同直径的丝杆,连接辅助环和环形质量块,主要提供TMD的刚度;环形质量块主要提供TMD的质量。丝杆一端与步进电机连接,另一端与螺母连接,螺母与质量环固接,通过控制步进电机带动螺母丝杆及质量环在丝杆上移动,以改变悬臂杆有效长度可实现在线调节TMD刚度。转子的振动传递到与之连接的轴承和卡箍,通过TMD的反共振作用转移到TMD中,从而达到减振的作用。吸振器工作过程辅助环是固定的,整个吸振器不随转轴旋转。TMD子系统的刚度k=a3EIl3,I为悬臂杆截面二次矩,E为弹性模量,l为悬臂杆弹簧有效长度,a为一常数。此阻尼器最大特点是:①笼式结构;②通过在线改变悬臂杆有效长度l可连续改变子系统的刚度,从而实现TMD频率连续可调,使TMD子系统的频率始终与转子主系统频率保持一致,对解决需要在线控制柔性转子过临界及工作转速下振动具有很大优势。
由图6可知,被动频率不可调TMD单独控制转子过临界或工作转速振动时,当TMD频率与转子主振系频率相一致时,转子的振动均大大降低,但同时会引起主系统两共振峰。而且,这种被动型TMD由于频率不可调,只能对某单一频率激振力的振动起作用,即控制临界转速的TMD只能对转子过临界有减振效果,控制工作转速下的TMD只能对工作转速下的振动起减振作用。
2.2.2频率可调TMD控制转子不平衡振动
为解决上述问题,设计基于转速的分段控制策略,即在转子通过临界前某设定转速下调节TMD频率使之与转子某阶固有频率相一致,待转子平稳过临界后再设定在某转速让TMD不起作用,待转子升到工作转速前某转速将TMD频率调至与恒定工作转速相对应的频率控制转子工作转速下的振动,其控制原理如图7所示。因此采用基于转速的分段控制策略的TMD控制转子系统启-停车过程过临界及在工作转速的振动,将具有很大的优势。让TMD在需要起作用时工作,这样有利于避免TMD失调问题。
4结论
本文研究设计一种适用于旋转机械的可在线连续调频的笼式TMD,通过在线改变其悬臂杆有效长度可连续改变子系统的刚度,从而实现TMD频率连续可调,研究其刚度变化与有效长度的数学模型,并设计基于转速的分段控制策略从数值仿真和实验分析角度对比研究此笼式TMD在频率可控及不可控情况下,控制柔性转子过临界-工作转速下的不平衡振动特性,得到如下结论: (1)此连续调频笼式TMD可在线有效同时控制柔性转子过临界及工作转速的不平衡振动,其减振效果明显,降幅高达90.8%;
(2)基于转速的分段控制策略可实现TMD的适时控制,避免TMD在抑制主系统振动同时所带来的共振负作用,相比被动型不可控TMD更具有优势;
(3)此笼式TMD能实现不停车在线连续调频,且具有较宽的减振频带。
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Abstract: An innovative design for an on-line cage-type tuned mass damper (TMD) whose frequency is continuously adjustable and which is suitable for rotating machinery is proposed. The stiffness of the TMD can be changed online continuously by changing its effective length of cantilever rod, so as to realize continuous frequency modulation of the TMD. The cage-type TMD has advantages of compact structure, large range of adjustable stiffness and so on. The finite element model of the rotor-TMD was built, and the sectional control strategy based on velocity was designed for adjusting the cage-type TMD frequency. The numerical simulation comparative analysis of the TMD on the case of its frequencies adjustable and non-adjustable controlling the flexible rotor unbalance vibration when going through critical speed and at the working speed was conducted. And the corresponding experimental platform was designed for validation. The simulation and experimental results show that sectional control strategy based on velocity can yield online timely control the frequency modulation of TMD, and control the flexible rotor unbalanced vibration when going through critical speed and at the working speed effectively, that has more advantages compared with the passive TMD. The vibration reduction is very effective, which is as far as up to 90.8%.
Key words: dynamics of rotor; cage-type tuned mass damper; subsection control; vibration reduction
作者简介:
黄秀金(1989—),女,硕士研究生。电话: 18100209014;E-mail: xiatian06@126.co
m
关键词: 转子动力学; 笼式调谐质量阻尼器; 分段控制; 减振
中图分类号: O347.6文献标志码:
A文章编号: 1004-4523(2015)05-0778-07
引言
旋转机械如离心风机,即使做了初始平衡但运行中因介质造成轮盘磨损或结垢会产生较大的不平衡振动。特别是对于某些工作转速在一阶临界转速以上的高速转子,在启停车阶段必须经过临界转速,此时转子会产生强烈共振。传统的做法需要在停机的情况下基于模态平衡法和影响系数法进行动平衡处理[1-4],不仅影响生产的正常进行,也造成了人力和经济的损失。如今存在各种转子不平衡的减振方法。其中转子的自动平衡技术可以在不停机的情况下对转子进行在线平衡,因此具有重要的应用意义[5-6]。目前常用的在线自动平衡技术主要有电磁式自动平衡和液压式自动平衡[7-8]。电磁型主动平衡装置结构复杂、造价贵,且受平衡能力及工作条件的限制,多应用在要求平衡能力小的小型转子上,如磨床等领域[9-10]。液压式自动平衡技术是一种能够提供足够大平衡能力且不受外界工作环境影响的在线自动平衡技术。国外该技术已在磨床领域、石化和电力行业的大型旋转机械领域得到广泛应用,国内仍处于科研阶段[11-14]。调谐质量阻尼器由于结构简单、减振效果好已广泛用于控制结构振动,尤其是高楼、桥梁建筑的风载或地震[15],一般由质量块、弹簧和阻尼器组成。 由于TMD 对调谐频率的敏感性,近期许多学者对其有效频带拓宽方法进行了研究,出现了各种半主动和主动调谐质量阻尼器以便调谐其目标频率[16]。对TMD用于控制转子不平衡振动研究比较少。曾有研究通过被动TMD增加机床结构的阻尼,例如在铣床主轴、磨床主轴、镗杆等上减少刀杆的颤振[17-18]。刘耀宗等采用动力吸振器有效抑制轴系各阶轴向共振频率附近的轴-壳共振,而对其他频段的轴壳轴向共振则效果不佳[19]。John Arrigan等在风力发动机叶片上通过半主动调谐质量阻尼器成功控制叶片拍振[20]。针对以上平衡技术的缺陷,本文设计研究了一种半主动连续变频笼式结构调谐质量阻尼器在线控制转子不平衡振动。先探讨半主动连续调频笼式调谐质量阻尼器结构特性,并设计基于转速的分段控制策略,结合有限元和转子动力学理论对TMD-转子模型进行数值分析此频率可调TMD控制柔性转子过临界及在工作转速下的不平衡振动特性,并设计了相应的实验进行验证。从而为该技术在旋转机械领域的推广应用奠定了基础。
1连续调频笼式TMD结构特性研究
1.1阻尼器结构设计
该半主动连续调频笼式TMD结构如图1所示,由轴承、辅助环、悬臂杆笼条及环形辅助质量块组成。轴承安装在转轴上不作为转子系统的支撑,仅起到传递振动能量的作用;辅助环套在轴承外圈,起辅助连接作用;笼条采用5根圆形截面悬臂杆和1根同直径的丝杆,连接辅助环和环形质量块,主要提供TMD的刚度;环形质量块主要提供TMD的质量。丝杆一端与步进电机连接,另一端与螺母连接,螺母与质量环固接,通过控制步进电机带动螺母丝杆及质量环在丝杆上移动,以改变悬臂杆有效长度可实现在线调节TMD刚度。转子的振动传递到与之连接的轴承和卡箍,通过TMD的反共振作用转移到TMD中,从而达到减振的作用。吸振器工作过程辅助环是固定的,整个吸振器不随转轴旋转。TMD子系统的刚度k=a3EIl3,I为悬臂杆截面二次矩,E为弹性模量,l为悬臂杆弹簧有效长度,a为一常数。此阻尼器最大特点是:①笼式结构;②通过在线改变悬臂杆有效长度l可连续改变子系统的刚度,从而实现TMD频率连续可调,使TMD子系统的频率始终与转子主系统频率保持一致,对解决需要在线控制柔性转子过临界及工作转速下振动具有很大优势。
由图6可知,被动频率不可调TMD单独控制转子过临界或工作转速振动时,当TMD频率与转子主振系频率相一致时,转子的振动均大大降低,但同时会引起主系统两共振峰。而且,这种被动型TMD由于频率不可调,只能对某单一频率激振力的振动起作用,即控制临界转速的TMD只能对转子过临界有减振效果,控制工作转速下的TMD只能对工作转速下的振动起减振作用。
2.2.2频率可调TMD控制转子不平衡振动
为解决上述问题,设计基于转速的分段控制策略,即在转子通过临界前某设定转速下调节TMD频率使之与转子某阶固有频率相一致,待转子平稳过临界后再设定在某转速让TMD不起作用,待转子升到工作转速前某转速将TMD频率调至与恒定工作转速相对应的频率控制转子工作转速下的振动,其控制原理如图7所示。因此采用基于转速的分段控制策略的TMD控制转子系统启-停车过程过临界及在工作转速的振动,将具有很大的优势。让TMD在需要起作用时工作,这样有利于避免TMD失调问题。
4结论
本文研究设计一种适用于旋转机械的可在线连续调频的笼式TMD,通过在线改变其悬臂杆有效长度可连续改变子系统的刚度,从而实现TMD频率连续可调,研究其刚度变化与有效长度的数学模型,并设计基于转速的分段控制策略从数值仿真和实验分析角度对比研究此笼式TMD在频率可控及不可控情况下,控制柔性转子过临界-工作转速下的不平衡振动特性,得到如下结论: (1)此连续调频笼式TMD可在线有效同时控制柔性转子过临界及工作转速的不平衡振动,其减振效果明显,降幅高达90.8%;
(2)基于转速的分段控制策略可实现TMD的适时控制,避免TMD在抑制主系统振动同时所带来的共振负作用,相比被动型不可控TMD更具有优势;
(3)此笼式TMD能实现不停车在线连续调频,且具有较宽的减振频带。
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Abstract: An innovative design for an on-line cage-type tuned mass damper (TMD) whose frequency is continuously adjustable and which is suitable for rotating machinery is proposed. The stiffness of the TMD can be changed online continuously by changing its effective length of cantilever rod, so as to realize continuous frequency modulation of the TMD. The cage-type TMD has advantages of compact structure, large range of adjustable stiffness and so on. The finite element model of the rotor-TMD was built, and the sectional control strategy based on velocity was designed for adjusting the cage-type TMD frequency. The numerical simulation comparative analysis of the TMD on the case of its frequencies adjustable and non-adjustable controlling the flexible rotor unbalance vibration when going through critical speed and at the working speed was conducted. And the corresponding experimental platform was designed for validation. The simulation and experimental results show that sectional control strategy based on velocity can yield online timely control the frequency modulation of TMD, and control the flexible rotor unbalanced vibration when going through critical speed and at the working speed effectively, that has more advantages compared with the passive TMD. The vibration reduction is very effective, which is as far as up to 90.8%.
Key words: dynamics of rotor; cage-type tuned mass damper; subsection control; vibration reduction
作者简介:
黄秀金(1989—),女,硕士研究生。电话: 18100209014;E-mail: xiatian06@126.co
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