论文部分内容阅读
“情态动词＋have done”结构是高考重要考点，也是较难掌握的语法项目之一，下面结合近年高考试题谈谈其主要用法。
一、在虚拟条件句中，如果表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句用过去完成时，而主句中则用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，即would/ could/ should/ might have done
例If he had worked hard, he would have passed the Collage Entrance Examination.如果他学习努力，
他就会通过高考了。
巩固练习
1. --- I stayed at a hotel while in New York. --- Oh, did you?You ___ with Barbara. (NMET98)
A. could have stay B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stay
2. Yesterday Jane walked away for discussion, otherwise, she ___ something she would regret later.( 96上海)
A. had said B. said
C. might say D. might have said
答案简析
1. 答案 A本句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句，意思是：If you hadn’t stay at a hotel while in New York, you could have stayed with Barbara. 表达了与过去事实相反的情况。
2. 答案D本句考查的也是含蓄虚拟语气，意思是：如果她参加了讨论，她可能会说出一些后来令她后悔的话。表达了与过去事实相反的情况。
二、must have done表示对过去已经发生过的情况的肯定推测判断，语气较强，意思是“一定……、肯定……”
例It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨天晚上一定是下雨了，因为今晨地面是潮湿的。
巩固练习
1. I didn’t hear the phone. I ____ asleep. (NMET 89)
A. must be B. must have been
C. should be D. should have been
2. --- I rang your home yesterday. A man answered but I didn't recognize the voice.
--- On, it ___ my brother, Peter.
A. must be B. must have been
C. can have been D. might be
答案简析
1. 答案B关键词是didn’t，说明动作发生在过去，所以是对已经发生过的情况的推测判断。
2. 答案B 本句的意思是：我昨天朝你家里打的电话。这是对过去情况的推测判断，应该用must have done结构。
三、may/ might have done也用于对已经发生过的情况的肯定推测判断，但语气稍弱，意思是“可能，或许……”
例She didn’t get there in time. She may have missed the bus.她没能及时到达那儿。她可能没赶上汽车。
巩固练习
1. Sorry, I’m late. I ____ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.( 2000春上海)
A. might B. should C. can D. will
2. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ___ something she would regret later. (1996 上海)
A. had said B. said
C. might say D. might have said
答案简析
答案1.A 2.D这两句表达的都是对过去已经发生过的情况的推测判断，意思是“可能、或许……”，应该用may/might have done结构。
四、如果对过去情况推测判断的句子是疑问句和否定句，只能用can／could和can’t,／couldn’t
例 He can’t have gone abroad; I saw him an hour ago. 他不可能去国外，我一个小时前还见到他呢。
巩固练习
1. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday, so he ____ your lecture. (2002 上海)
A. couldn’t have attended
B. needn’t have attended
C. mustn’t have attended
D. shouldn’t have attended
2. My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who ___ have taken it? (2003 春上海)
A. should B. mustC. could D. would
答案简析
1. 答案A根据句意“我妹妹昨天在大剧院见过他”，所以，一定是对过去已经发生的否定的判断。 2. 答案C本句表达的是对过去发生过的情况的疑问，所以应该用could have done。
五、含有must/ may/ might表示对过去情况推测判断的句子，如果变成反意疑问句，反意疑问句中动词应与情态动词must等后的动词形式保持一致，用一般过去时或现在完成时
例He must have been living here for years, hasn’t he? 他一定是在这儿住了好几年了，是吗？
巩固练习
1. Great changes must have taken place in the village in the past few years, ____ they?
A. mustn’t B. haven’t
C. can’t D. didn’t
2. He must have lived a happy life a few years ago, ____ he?
A. didn’t B. hasn’t
C. mustn’t D. can’t
答案简析
1.答案B 含有must表示推测判断的句子，其反意疑问句的动词形式应与must后动词时态保持一致。如果不表示推测判断，该句应该说成：Great changes have taken place in the village in the past few year. 变成反意疑问句后应该说成：Great changes have taken place in the past few years, haven’t they?
2. 答案A 本句中must后的动词形式应为did，所以，反意疑问句的动词应为didn’t。
六、should/ ought to have done表示“本来应该做的，而实际上没有做的事情”，其否定形式则表示“已经做了不该做的事情”，含有责备的意思
例The flowers have died. I should have watered them often.这些花儿都死了。我本来应该常给他们浇水的。（其实没浇水）
巩固练习
1. Oh, I am not feeling well in the stomach, I ____ so much fried chicken just now. (2002 春上海)
A. shouldn’t eat
B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten
D. mustn’t eat
2. I was really anxious about you. You ___ home without a word. (NMET 2001)
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
答案简析
1. 答案C本句的意思是：我胃不舒服，我刚才不应该吃那么多油炸鸡。
2. 答案B本句表达的意思是：你不应该一句话没说就离开家。含有责备的意思，做了不应该做的事情。
七、needn’t have done表示“做了本来不必做的事情”，通常不用于肯定句
例It is warm today. You needn’t have worn your coat. 今天天气暖和，你本来不必穿大衣的。
巩固练习
1. He is not poor. You ____ have lent him the money.
A. can’t B. needn’t
C. couldn’t D. mustn’t
2. There was plenty of time. You ___ have hurried.
A. won’t B. mustn’t
C. needn’t D. couldn’t
答案简析
1.答案B该句的意思是：他不穷，你本不必借给他钱。
2.答案C该句的意思是：时间充裕着呢，你不必慌忙。
八、can/ could have done表示“本来能够做而实际上没有做的事情”
例You could have come here a little earlier. 你本来可以早点来到这儿的。
巩固练习
1． I ____ here in time, but I met an old friend of mine. I stopped and talked with him for some time.
A. shouldn’t have come B. must have come
C. needn’t have come D. could have come
2． They ____ have finished the work yesterday, but it was raining hard.
A. must B. could
C. should D. might
答案简析
1. 答案D这句话的意思是：我本来可以按时来这儿的，但是遇到一位老朋友，说了会儿话，所以没能及时来这儿。
2. 答案B该句的意思是：他们本来可以昨天完成工作的，但是昨天雨下的太大，所以没能完成。
一、在虚拟条件句中，如果表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句用过去完成时，而主句中则用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，即would/ could/ should/ might have done
例If he had worked hard, he would have passed the Collage Entrance Examination.如果他学习努力，
他就会通过高考了。
巩固练习
1. --- I stayed at a hotel while in New York. --- Oh, did you?You ___ with Barbara. (NMET98)
A. could have stay B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stay
2. Yesterday Jane walked away for discussion, otherwise, she ___ something she would regret later.( 96上海)
A. had said B. said
C. might say D. might have said
答案简析
1. 答案 A本句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句，意思是：If you hadn’t stay at a hotel while in New York, you could have stayed with Barbara. 表达了与过去事实相反的情况。
2. 答案D本句考查的也是含蓄虚拟语气，意思是：如果她参加了讨论，她可能会说出一些后来令她后悔的话。表达了与过去事实相反的情况。
二、must have done表示对过去已经发生过的情况的肯定推测判断，语气较强，意思是“一定……、肯定……”
例It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨天晚上一定是下雨了，因为今晨地面是潮湿的。
巩固练习
1. I didn’t hear the phone. I ____ asleep. (NMET 89)
A. must be B. must have been
C. should be D. should have been
2. --- I rang your home yesterday. A man answered but I didn't recognize the voice.
--- On, it ___ my brother, Peter.
A. must be B. must have been
C. can have been D. might be
答案简析
1. 答案B关键词是didn’t，说明动作发生在过去，所以是对已经发生过的情况的推测判断。
2. 答案B 本句的意思是：我昨天朝你家里打的电话。这是对过去情况的推测判断，应该用must have done结构。
三、may/ might have done也用于对已经发生过的情况的肯定推测判断，但语气稍弱，意思是“可能，或许……”
例She didn’t get there in time. She may have missed the bus.她没能及时到达那儿。她可能没赶上汽车。
巩固练习
1. Sorry, I’m late. I ____ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.( 2000春上海)
A. might B. should C. can D. will
2. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ___ something she would regret later. (1996 上海)
A. had said B. said
C. might say D. might have said
答案简析
答案1.A 2.D这两句表达的都是对过去已经发生过的情况的推测判断，意思是“可能、或许……”，应该用may/might have done结构。
四、如果对过去情况推测判断的句子是疑问句和否定句，只能用can／could和can’t,／couldn’t
例 He can’t have gone abroad; I saw him an hour ago. 他不可能去国外，我一个小时前还见到他呢。
巩固练习
1. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday, so he ____ your lecture. (2002 上海)
A. couldn’t have attended
B. needn’t have attended
C. mustn’t have attended
D. shouldn’t have attended
2. My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who ___ have taken it? (2003 春上海)
A. should B. mustC. could D. would
答案简析
1. 答案A根据句意“我妹妹昨天在大剧院见过他”，所以，一定是对过去已经发生的否定的判断。 2. 答案C本句表达的是对过去发生过的情况的疑问，所以应该用could have done。
五、含有must/ may/ might表示对过去情况推测判断的句子，如果变成反意疑问句，反意疑问句中动词应与情态动词must等后的动词形式保持一致，用一般过去时或现在完成时
例He must have been living here for years, hasn’t he? 他一定是在这儿住了好几年了，是吗？
巩固练习
1. Great changes must have taken place in the village in the past few years, ____ they?
A. mustn’t B. haven’t
C. can’t D. didn’t
2. He must have lived a happy life a few years ago, ____ he?
A. didn’t B. hasn’t
C. mustn’t D. can’t
答案简析
1.答案B 含有must表示推测判断的句子，其反意疑问句的动词形式应与must后动词时态保持一致。如果不表示推测判断，该句应该说成：Great changes have taken place in the village in the past few year. 变成反意疑问句后应该说成：Great changes have taken place in the past few years, haven’t they?
2. 答案A 本句中must后的动词形式应为did，所以，反意疑问句的动词应为didn’t。
六、should/ ought to have done表示“本来应该做的，而实际上没有做的事情”，其否定形式则表示“已经做了不该做的事情”，含有责备的意思
例The flowers have died. I should have watered them often.这些花儿都死了。我本来应该常给他们浇水的。（其实没浇水）
巩固练习
1. Oh, I am not feeling well in the stomach, I ____ so much fried chicken just now. (2002 春上海)
A. shouldn’t eat
B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten
D. mustn’t eat
2. I was really anxious about you. You ___ home without a word. (NMET 2001)
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
答案简析
1. 答案C本句的意思是：我胃不舒服，我刚才不应该吃那么多油炸鸡。
2. 答案B本句表达的意思是：你不应该一句话没说就离开家。含有责备的意思，做了不应该做的事情。
七、needn’t have done表示“做了本来不必做的事情”，通常不用于肯定句
例It is warm today. You needn’t have worn your coat. 今天天气暖和，你本来不必穿大衣的。
巩固练习
1. He is not poor. You ____ have lent him the money.
A. can’t B. needn’t
C. couldn’t D. mustn’t
2. There was plenty of time. You ___ have hurried.
A. won’t B. mustn’t
C. needn’t D. couldn’t
答案简析
1.答案B该句的意思是：他不穷，你本不必借给他钱。
2.答案C该句的意思是：时间充裕着呢，你不必慌忙。
八、can/ could have done表示“本来能够做而实际上没有做的事情”
例You could have come here a little earlier. 你本来可以早点来到这儿的。
巩固练习
1． I ____ here in time, but I met an old friend of mine. I stopped and talked with him for some time.
A. shouldn’t have come B. must have come
C. needn’t have come D. could have come
2． They ____ have finished the work yesterday, but it was raining hard.
A. must B. could
C. should D. might
答案简析
1. 答案D这句话的意思是：我本来可以按时来这儿的，但是遇到一位老朋友，说了会儿话，所以没能及时来这儿。
2. 答案B该句的意思是：他们本来可以昨天完成工作的，但是昨天雨下的太大，所以没能完成。