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膀胱癌是泌尿系统最常见的肿瘤之一，目前膀胱癌的治疗方式主要有内镜手术、开放手术、局部或全身免疫治疗、放疗、化疗等。然而膀胱癌治疗结果往往不尽如人意，化疗耐药和高复发率成为膀胱癌治疗的主要制约因素。近年来，膀胱癌干细胞逐渐成为膀胱癌研究的热点，其被认为是膀胱癌化疗耐药和高复发率的罪魁祸首。因此靶向膀胱癌干细胞是一种极具潜力的膀胱癌治疗方法。本文主要综述了膀胱癌干细胞的起源、早期获得干性的途径以及膀胱癌干细胞干性维持机制的研究进展；这些研究可以加深对膀胱癌干细胞的认识，也为膀胱癌干细胞的靶向治疗提供理论依据。“,”Bladder cancer is one of the most common tumors in urinary system. At present, the treatment of bladder cancer mainly includes endoscopic surgery, open surgery, local or systemic immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and so on. However, the results of bladder cancer treatment are often unsatisfactory, chemotherapy resistance and high recurrence rate become the main constraints of bladder cancer treatment. In recent years, bladder cancer stem cells have gradually become the focus of bladder cancer research, which is considered to be the main cause of drug resistance and high recurrence rate of bladder cancer chemotherapy. Therefore, targeting bladder cancer stem cells is a promising treatment for bladder cancer. This paper mainly reviews the origin of bladder cancer stem cells, the way to obtain early stemness and the research on the mechanism of maintaining stemness of bladder cancer stem cells. These studies can deepen our understanding of bladder cancer stem cells and provide theoretical basis for targeted treatment of bladder cancer stem cells.