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晋陕地区地处典型的欧亚大陆性季风气候区,年降水量偏少且呈明显的季节性分布,农作物生长、丰收对人工灌溉的依赖很大。明清时期,伴随着水资源短缺的严峻形势和官方对水利事务管理的收缩,晋陕两地农村水利事务呈现出以乡绅为领导核心的民间管理趋势,水利规约成为民间水利事务管理的制度形式。民间水利事务管理模式的运行,减少并弱化了成员在用水过程中的投机行为、降低了水利纠纷发生的可能性和水利纠纷的诉讼成本。但是,监督体制的缺失和普通农民参与管理的能力不足,使得这种管理方式的效用发挥是有限度的。因此,以史为鉴,协调好国家政权、乡村精英和普通民众的关系,重视民间力量,最大程度地发挥农民阶层的水资源自主管理作用,是解决好水资源开发、利用和管理的有效途径。
The Jin-Shan region is located in the typical Eurasian continental monsoon climate zone, with annual precipitation less than normal and obvious seasonal distribution, crop growth and harvest reliance on artificial irrigation. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, along with the severe situation of water shortage and official contracting of water conservancy affairs, the rural water affairs in both Shanxi and Shaanxi showed the trend of non-governmental management with squire as the leading core. The water conservancy statute became the institutional form of civil water affairs management . The operation of the civil water affairs management mode has reduced and weakened the members’ speculation in the water use process, reduced the possibility of water disputes and litigation costs of water disputes. However, the lack of supervision system and the insufficiency of ordinary peasants’ participation in management make the effectiveness of this management mode limited. Therefore, taking history as a mirror, coordinating the relations between the state power, the elites of the countryside and the general public, attaching importance to the private power and maximizing the self-management of the water resources of the peasantry is an effective way to solve the water resources development, utilization and management.