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Taierzhuang is a town under Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province. It lies on the borderline of Shandong and Jiangsu. With such an excellent location, Taierzhuang was considered a place with great military importance, as well as a place for merchants to earn profits. In the spring of 1938, the famous Taierzhuang Battle happened here, engaging the Chinese defense soldiers and Japanese invaders. More than 10,000 invaders were killed in this town, where a great victory befell the Chinese soldiers. Thus this is a place where “Chinese showed their bravery and unyielding will”. It is also listed as the “Third City to Commemorate the Second World War” following Stalingrad and Berlin.
Apart from the memories of war, Taierzhuang also bears some historical marks. It is praised as the “living canal”and the “only remaining heritage vil- lage of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal” by the World Tourism Organization. The ancient town inside this place, which was destroyed by the time and war, was rebuilt, making it the fourth rebuilt ancient city in the world (the other three are Warsaw, Pompei and Lijiang).
Previously Taierzhuang was named Tai Hua Village because most of its inhabitants were surnamed Tai or Hua. Later its name was gradually changed into Taierzhuang (Tai Village). It was es- tablished in the Han Dynasty and developed in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Taierzhuang had already become very prosperous. By then it was the No. 1 village among all 40 villages in the ancient Yi County (today’s Zaozhuang). According to the historical records, (Taierzhuang) “stood with the Grand Canal going through it. The village is connected to other parts with a great number of paths, through which merchants and travelers arrived at or left this village. The trade here brought the residents of village great wealth. The village was so big and its wealth could exceed even a county”.
The Grand Canal going through Taierzhuang not only boosted the trade and tourism of Taierzhuang, but also established its name as the “No. 1 Village in the World”. In the Qing Dynasty, when Emperor Qianlong cruised in the area south of the Yangtze River, he arrived at Taierzhuang and saw its flourishing business and trade, along with the great number of people and boats. The sight cheered him up; so he wrote a plate, praising Taierzhuang as the “No. 1 Village in the World”.
Ancient City of Taierzhuang
The ancient city of Taierzhuang is a famous ancient city where a lot of sites of World War II were retained. It is also the only city combining the features of South and North China along the ancient Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The buildings inside this ancient city carry the eight different kinds of architectural styles of ancient China. There are 72 temples in this site, along with an old pier, which is the only remaining pier of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Apart from the BeijingHangzhou Grand Canal, there is a 3km canal which was made in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This canal was called the “living canal” by the global tourism experts. It is also the only water town in the area north of the Yangtze River in China. However, the ancient city was almost destroyed in the Taierzhuang Battle.
In 2008, when the 70th anniversary of the victory of Taierzhuang Battle came, the Zaozhuang government spent a huge amount of money in rebuilding the ancient city along the old canal, turning the remaining site of Taierzhuang into the first city to commemorate the World War II. The “new”ancient city covers 2 square kilometers with 11 function areas, 8 sight-seeing areas and 29 scenic spots. The design of the new site follows the orientation of “combining the features of grand battlefield and ancient city and creating a water town with modern styles”. It adheres to the theory of “retaining, repeating and recreating ancient features”with the old sites undestroyed by the war, the ancient walls, piers, residential houses, lanes, temples and so on unchanged and unmoved. Modern features were added into the ancient town, leading to its current appearances.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which has already been listed into the World Cultural Heritages, did not enjoy a good condition in Zaozhuang. The part in the north of Zaozhuang was completely cut off with most of its sites gone. Even the river course in some places could not be found. The canal in the southern part of Zaozhuang had seen both of its banks go through modernization, which replaced its old features. Therefore, the canal part that goes through Taierzhuang became the only part that can remind people of what the ancient canal looked like one millennium ago.
The National Wetland Park of Taierzhuang
It is the first wetland park based on a canal in China. The park consists of the wetland framed by the lower stream of Taogou River, lower stream of Dasha River and the BeijingHangzhou Grand Canal. Taierzhuang is just inside this park, which covers 2592 hectares. The park was built to protect and restore the wetland resources. The major part of this park is the state-level cruise-route on the Grand Canal and the project of South-to-North Water Diversion. On top of these projects, the part also has grand dams, riverside highland, slopes, sunken swamps and other terrains peculiar to a wetland park. The broad riverside shoal of the Grand Canal is dotted with the lotus pools, which is an ecological agricultural experiment site. Aquatic plants, birds, fishes and beasts could be found both in the river and on the banks. These things form the special but typical landscape of a wetland park.
Remarkable Buildings inside the Town
1. Canjiang Office: it is commonly called the Grand Magistrate Office. It was built in the 22nd year of Kanxi Period in the Qing Dynasty (1683) and was an office for the Canjiang (Consultant Officer) in Shandong. This officer led 600 soldiers and was responsible for the defense of the river course of the Grand Canal from Taierzhuang to Pizhou, as well as the security of shipping in that area. In January 1937, the government of the Republic of China turned this building into a police station and during the Anti-Japanese War it was used as an arsenal for the Chinese army. Now it is a museum in which the process and achievements of rebuilding the ancient city of Taierzhuang are displayed.
2. Jiuhe Hotel (Long Peace Hotel): the old hotel was built by Hu Wenguang, a merchant from Anhui in the 30th year of Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty. The hotel carries typical features of the construction of South Anhui with white walls, black tiles and horse-head-shaped decorations protruding from the horse. Actually, many buildings in Taierzhuang share the same style, proving the efforts and influence of businessmen from Anhui in the old times.
3. Sange Hall (Three-Grid Hall). It was a house inhabited by a family surnamed Chen at the end of Qing Dynasty. The ancestor of this family moved from Anhui to this place. Chen Fuqing, an owner of this house, was once a 6th-level official serving the Qing government. This family reached its heyday before the Taierzhuang Battle. The house itself is a building with Anhui style and its yard carries typical construction styles of South Shandong. Now this building an exhibition room showing the history of taxation of the Grand Canal in Taierzhuang.
4. The Courier Station of Taierzhuang: this courier station worked with the Grand Canal. It was built in the Ming Dynasty and inherited by the Qing government officials. It became an important courier station along the Grand Canal in the Qing Dynasty. The military information, government documents and military supply were all transported through this station. The building itself owns the structural style of Suzhou gardens, which is very rare in Taierzhuang.
5. Cuiping School (Green-Screen School): the building was built in 1658. It was initially a private school, from which a lot of scholars graduated. Now it is used to display cultural heritages, painting and calligraphy works and old books from Taierzhuang.
6. Xieyu Grand Tea Store: It was originally named “Shen Mao Chang”Teahouse. It was built by Shen Qi, whose courtesy name was Maochang in the Qing Dynasty. Shen Qi was a tea trader from Zhejiang. He invested in Taierzhuang because of its developed shipping network. The original building was destroyed during the war and the current site was rebuilt in 2008 as a place to show the tea culture of China.
7. Maidenhair Tree: also named white-fruit tree. It is a kind of tree that originated in the time of dinosaurs. Thus it is called “living fossils”. The maidenhair tree is 400 years old and is put under protection of the Zaozhuang government.
8. Stone-boat Gallery: It is also named “Mobile Gallery”. It was built by local rich men in the 46th year of Kangxi Period in the Qing Dynasty to welcome the sixth “South Tour”. When Emperor Kangxi arrived at Taierzhuang, he usually disembarked there. The original Stone-boat Gallery was made of marble and the carvings there were careful, exquisite and powerful. The original Stone-boat Gallery was destroyed by Japanese invaders in 1938 and the existing one was a replica of its prototype.
9. The Water Gate: When Taierzhuang was expanded in the Wanli Period of Ming Dynasty, six new city gates were added. The water gate was one of them. It was the only waterborne access to the ancient city and had the functions of defending bandits, controlling flood and adjusting water level inside the city.
10. Guangyuan Bridge (General Source Bridge): It is also called “Jade Belt Bridge”. The bridge was initially built in the 25th year of Kangxi Period in the Ming Dynasty. With the length of 13.9 meters, height of 3.25 meters and span of 6.2 meters, the bridge’s name implies the meaning of “multiple sources of profits that lead to prosperity”.
11. Guangji Bridge (General Aid Bridge). It is commonly called “Tshaped Bridge”. It was initially built with wood in the early Qing Dynasty. Then in the middle of Qing Dynasty, a rich family with the surname of Wan raised the funds to reconstruct the bridge with stone. Local people changed its name into “Guangji Bridge” to praise the benevolence and aid from the Wan family.
Local Culture
1. Liuqin Opera: it was also called“Lahun Tune” (Soul Pulling Tune). As the local opera art in Zaozhuang, the Liuqin Opera was formed during the reign of Emperor Daoguang. The main musical instrument is a willow-leafshaped lute. It is now one of the most popular art forms in Taierzhuang.
2. Lunan Huagu (South Shandong Flower Drum): it was said to be formed 200 years ago. At the old time, the performances of drums were usually held in Taierzhuang. In 1958, a local team took part in an arts assembly in Shandong and soon got the attraction of the whole country. The Lunan Huagu is the favorite program for local farmers in Taierzhuang. Many of them form their own teams to get engaged in this art.
3. Temple Fair of Wenchang Pavilion: Wenchang Pavilion was initially built at the end of Ming Dynasty and was rebuilt by Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty. The temple is held on the second day of the second lunar month every year. In the old times, the emperor started the imperial exam on that day and many students who wanted to be scholars came to this place to offer incenses to Lord of Wenchang (Lord of Flourishing Literature), the god of literature in Chinese legend, In today’s society, many parents came to the temple fair to pray for a good performance in study of their children. In addition, people can buy books, brushes, ink stones and many things related with literature in the temple fair.
Apart from the memories of war, Taierzhuang also bears some historical marks. It is praised as the “living canal”and the “only remaining heritage vil- lage of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal” by the World Tourism Organization. The ancient town inside this place, which was destroyed by the time and war, was rebuilt, making it the fourth rebuilt ancient city in the world (the other three are Warsaw, Pompei and Lijiang).
Previously Taierzhuang was named Tai Hua Village because most of its inhabitants were surnamed Tai or Hua. Later its name was gradually changed into Taierzhuang (Tai Village). It was es- tablished in the Han Dynasty and developed in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Taierzhuang had already become very prosperous. By then it was the No. 1 village among all 40 villages in the ancient Yi County (today’s Zaozhuang). According to the historical records, (Taierzhuang) “stood with the Grand Canal going through it. The village is connected to other parts with a great number of paths, through which merchants and travelers arrived at or left this village. The trade here brought the residents of village great wealth. The village was so big and its wealth could exceed even a county”.
The Grand Canal going through Taierzhuang not only boosted the trade and tourism of Taierzhuang, but also established its name as the “No. 1 Village in the World”. In the Qing Dynasty, when Emperor Qianlong cruised in the area south of the Yangtze River, he arrived at Taierzhuang and saw its flourishing business and trade, along with the great number of people and boats. The sight cheered him up; so he wrote a plate, praising Taierzhuang as the “No. 1 Village in the World”.
Ancient City of Taierzhuang
The ancient city of Taierzhuang is a famous ancient city where a lot of sites of World War II were retained. It is also the only city combining the features of South and North China along the ancient Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The buildings inside this ancient city carry the eight different kinds of architectural styles of ancient China. There are 72 temples in this site, along with an old pier, which is the only remaining pier of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Apart from the BeijingHangzhou Grand Canal, there is a 3km canal which was made in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This canal was called the “living canal” by the global tourism experts. It is also the only water town in the area north of the Yangtze River in China. However, the ancient city was almost destroyed in the Taierzhuang Battle.
In 2008, when the 70th anniversary of the victory of Taierzhuang Battle came, the Zaozhuang government spent a huge amount of money in rebuilding the ancient city along the old canal, turning the remaining site of Taierzhuang into the first city to commemorate the World War II. The “new”ancient city covers 2 square kilometers with 11 function areas, 8 sight-seeing areas and 29 scenic spots. The design of the new site follows the orientation of “combining the features of grand battlefield and ancient city and creating a water town with modern styles”. It adheres to the theory of “retaining, repeating and recreating ancient features”with the old sites undestroyed by the war, the ancient walls, piers, residential houses, lanes, temples and so on unchanged and unmoved. Modern features were added into the ancient town, leading to its current appearances.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which has already been listed into the World Cultural Heritages, did not enjoy a good condition in Zaozhuang. The part in the north of Zaozhuang was completely cut off with most of its sites gone. Even the river course in some places could not be found. The canal in the southern part of Zaozhuang had seen both of its banks go through modernization, which replaced its old features. Therefore, the canal part that goes through Taierzhuang became the only part that can remind people of what the ancient canal looked like one millennium ago.
The National Wetland Park of Taierzhuang
It is the first wetland park based on a canal in China. The park consists of the wetland framed by the lower stream of Taogou River, lower stream of Dasha River and the BeijingHangzhou Grand Canal. Taierzhuang is just inside this park, which covers 2592 hectares. The park was built to protect and restore the wetland resources. The major part of this park is the state-level cruise-route on the Grand Canal and the project of South-to-North Water Diversion. On top of these projects, the part also has grand dams, riverside highland, slopes, sunken swamps and other terrains peculiar to a wetland park. The broad riverside shoal of the Grand Canal is dotted with the lotus pools, which is an ecological agricultural experiment site. Aquatic plants, birds, fishes and beasts could be found both in the river and on the banks. These things form the special but typical landscape of a wetland park.
Remarkable Buildings inside the Town
1. Canjiang Office: it is commonly called the Grand Magistrate Office. It was built in the 22nd year of Kanxi Period in the Qing Dynasty (1683) and was an office for the Canjiang (Consultant Officer) in Shandong. This officer led 600 soldiers and was responsible for the defense of the river course of the Grand Canal from Taierzhuang to Pizhou, as well as the security of shipping in that area. In January 1937, the government of the Republic of China turned this building into a police station and during the Anti-Japanese War it was used as an arsenal for the Chinese army. Now it is a museum in which the process and achievements of rebuilding the ancient city of Taierzhuang are displayed.
2. Jiuhe Hotel (Long Peace Hotel): the old hotel was built by Hu Wenguang, a merchant from Anhui in the 30th year of Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty. The hotel carries typical features of the construction of South Anhui with white walls, black tiles and horse-head-shaped decorations protruding from the horse. Actually, many buildings in Taierzhuang share the same style, proving the efforts and influence of businessmen from Anhui in the old times.
3. Sange Hall (Three-Grid Hall). It was a house inhabited by a family surnamed Chen at the end of Qing Dynasty. The ancestor of this family moved from Anhui to this place. Chen Fuqing, an owner of this house, was once a 6th-level official serving the Qing government. This family reached its heyday before the Taierzhuang Battle. The house itself is a building with Anhui style and its yard carries typical construction styles of South Shandong. Now this building an exhibition room showing the history of taxation of the Grand Canal in Taierzhuang.
4. The Courier Station of Taierzhuang: this courier station worked with the Grand Canal. It was built in the Ming Dynasty and inherited by the Qing government officials. It became an important courier station along the Grand Canal in the Qing Dynasty. The military information, government documents and military supply were all transported through this station. The building itself owns the structural style of Suzhou gardens, which is very rare in Taierzhuang.
5. Cuiping School (Green-Screen School): the building was built in 1658. It was initially a private school, from which a lot of scholars graduated. Now it is used to display cultural heritages, painting and calligraphy works and old books from Taierzhuang.
6. Xieyu Grand Tea Store: It was originally named “Shen Mao Chang”Teahouse. It was built by Shen Qi, whose courtesy name was Maochang in the Qing Dynasty. Shen Qi was a tea trader from Zhejiang. He invested in Taierzhuang because of its developed shipping network. The original building was destroyed during the war and the current site was rebuilt in 2008 as a place to show the tea culture of China.
7. Maidenhair Tree: also named white-fruit tree. It is a kind of tree that originated in the time of dinosaurs. Thus it is called “living fossils”. The maidenhair tree is 400 years old and is put under protection of the Zaozhuang government.
8. Stone-boat Gallery: It is also named “Mobile Gallery”. It was built by local rich men in the 46th year of Kangxi Period in the Qing Dynasty to welcome the sixth “South Tour”. When Emperor Kangxi arrived at Taierzhuang, he usually disembarked there. The original Stone-boat Gallery was made of marble and the carvings there were careful, exquisite and powerful. The original Stone-boat Gallery was destroyed by Japanese invaders in 1938 and the existing one was a replica of its prototype.
9. The Water Gate: When Taierzhuang was expanded in the Wanli Period of Ming Dynasty, six new city gates were added. The water gate was one of them. It was the only waterborne access to the ancient city and had the functions of defending bandits, controlling flood and adjusting water level inside the city.
10. Guangyuan Bridge (General Source Bridge): It is also called “Jade Belt Bridge”. The bridge was initially built in the 25th year of Kangxi Period in the Ming Dynasty. With the length of 13.9 meters, height of 3.25 meters and span of 6.2 meters, the bridge’s name implies the meaning of “multiple sources of profits that lead to prosperity”.
11. Guangji Bridge (General Aid Bridge). It is commonly called “Tshaped Bridge”. It was initially built with wood in the early Qing Dynasty. Then in the middle of Qing Dynasty, a rich family with the surname of Wan raised the funds to reconstruct the bridge with stone. Local people changed its name into “Guangji Bridge” to praise the benevolence and aid from the Wan family.
Local Culture
1. Liuqin Opera: it was also called“Lahun Tune” (Soul Pulling Tune). As the local opera art in Zaozhuang, the Liuqin Opera was formed during the reign of Emperor Daoguang. The main musical instrument is a willow-leafshaped lute. It is now one of the most popular art forms in Taierzhuang.
2. Lunan Huagu (South Shandong Flower Drum): it was said to be formed 200 years ago. At the old time, the performances of drums were usually held in Taierzhuang. In 1958, a local team took part in an arts assembly in Shandong and soon got the attraction of the whole country. The Lunan Huagu is the favorite program for local farmers in Taierzhuang. Many of them form their own teams to get engaged in this art.
3. Temple Fair of Wenchang Pavilion: Wenchang Pavilion was initially built at the end of Ming Dynasty and was rebuilt by Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty. The temple is held on the second day of the second lunar month every year. In the old times, the emperor started the imperial exam on that day and many students who wanted to be scholars came to this place to offer incenses to Lord of Wenchang (Lord of Flourishing Literature), the god of literature in Chinese legend, In today’s society, many parents came to the temple fair to pray for a good performance in study of their children. In addition, people can buy books, brushes, ink stones and many things related with literature in the temple fair.