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目的：观察风湿性心房颤动（AF）患者左心房中钙蛋白酶-2（calpain-2）的表达，探讨其在AF发病机制中的作用。方法选取外科换瓣手术的风湿性心脏病患者39例，分为窦性心律组（ n＝16例）和心房颤动组（ n＝23例）。应用RT-PCR技术和免疫组化LSAB法半定量检测calpain-2的表达。结果心房颤动组calpain-2 mRNA的deltaCt值高于窦性心律组[（0．091±0．035） vs （0．066±0．022），P＝0．017]；两组左心房心肌细胞中均有棕黄色颗粒沉着，心外膜和心内膜细胞均未见棕黄色颗粒；心房颤动组中calpain-2表达含量明显高于窦性心律组（ P＜0．001），两者平均光密度值分别为0．92±0．17和0．65±0．01；calpain-2的含量与左心房收缩末期直径呈正相关（r＝0．929， P＜0．001）。结论 calpain-2在人类左心房心肌细胞中表达；AF时calpain-2的表达明显增加。“,”Objective To observe the expression of calpain-2 in the left atrum of patients with rheumatic atrial fibrilla-tion, and to explore its roles in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation.Methods A total of 39 patients with rheumatic heart disease who received surgical valve replacement were divided into two groups: the atrial fibrillation group ( n=23) and sinus rhythm group (n=16).The expression of calpain-2 was detected with LSAB immunohistochemical and the Real-time PCR technology.Results The deltaCt of calpain-2 mRNA of the atrial fibrillation group ( 0.091 ± 0.035) was higher than that of the sinus rhythm group (0.066 ±0.022, P=0.017).Brown particle deposits were ob-served in the left atrial myocytes in both groups, but the epicardial and endocardial cells showed no brown particles.The average optical density values of calpain-2 of the atrial fibrillation group and sinus rhythm group were (0.92 ±0.17) and (0.65 ±0.01)(P<0.001).Calpain-2 levels and left atrial systolic diameter were correlated (r=0.929, P<0.01).Conclusion Calpain-2 exists in the left atrial myocytes.The expression of calpain-2 increases significantly in case of atrial fibrillation.