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亚当·斯密是英国古典政治经济学的杰出代表,马克思说他是“新政治经济学的奠基者”,是“工场手工业时期集大成的政治经济学家”。遗憾的是,他的许多著作,在他逝世前付之一炬,而只留下其代表性著作《国富论》(1776年出版)。但是,他的这一大部头著作,在政治经济学的发展史上有着极其重要的地位和深远的影响,如马克思所指出的:“在亚当·斯密那里,政治经济学已发展为某种整体”。而其《国富论》中最本质的东西,则是“认为资本主义生产方式是最生产的”。本文将着重研究他的消费思想及其对19世纪30年代参加大论战的几个主要人物的思想影响,如李加图、马尔萨斯、萨伊、西斯蒙第等。但是,亚当·斯密本人的思想又是受到重农学派魁奈的影响,马克思曾指出过:“魁奈医生的重农主义学说是从重商主义到亚·斯密的过渡”。本文试图沿着这一历史线索去作一探讨。
Adam Smith is an outstanding representative of classical political economy in Britain. Marx said that he is “the founder of new political economy” and “a political economist who has become a masterworker in the workshop handicraft industry”. Sadly, many of his books have been tormented by his death, leaving only his representative book Wealth of Nations (1776). However, his masterpiece, which has an extremely important position and profound influence in the history of the development of political economy, as Marx pointed out: “In Adam Smith, political economy has developed into something overall”. And the most essential thing in his “Wealth of Nations” is “that capitalist mode of production is the most productive.” This article will focus on his thinking on consumption and his influence on several major figures who participated in the Great Controversy in the 1830s, such as Liatu, Malthus, Say, Sismondi and others. However, Adam Smith's own thought was again influenced by Quincy, one of the most important schools of agriculture. Marx once pointed out: “The doctrine of Terrence McQuay's doctrine is the transition from mercantilism to Adam Smith.” This article attempts to follow this historical clues to make a discussion.