论文部分内容阅读
阅读简答题是将阅读理解与书面表达综合在一起的一种新题型。该题型要求考生在读懂文章的情况下，用自己的语言简短地回答出有关文章内容的问题，在考查学生基本语言运用能力的同时，着重考查学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析和解决问题的能力。简答题的材料一般为一篇300字左右的短文，要求考生阅读文章后，根据各小题的具体要求，简要回答问题。为帮助大家充分把握这一题型，本文为同学们归纳几点答题方法和技巧，希望对大家有所帮助。
一、充分熟悉评分规则
简答题的评分原则及标准是：要求学生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时同时考虑内容和语言，每题满分为2分，最低分为0分。具体的给分标准为：答出全部内容且语言正确者得2分，答出部分内容且语言正确者得1分，没有答对问题者不得分。
此题的扣分标准是：语言错误每处扣0.5分，每题语言错误扣分不超过0.5分（标点符号和大小写错误忽略不计）；涉及无关内容者扣0.5分；若答案中有互相矛盾的内容，则内容互相矛盾的部分皆不得分；整句原封不动照搬，扣0.5分；答案超过规定词数者扣0.5分。注：若答案涵盖两个方面，而考生只答对其中一个方面时，答错的一方面则在扣除1分后不再以多余信息另外扣分，但其中如有语言错误则再扣0.5分。
二、尽量套用阅读理解的答题方法
阅读简答题与普通的阅读理解题既有相似之处，也有不同之处。相似的是两者均需先阅读文章，然后再回答问题；不同的是，传统的阅读理解题，只要求从给定的四个选项中选择一个回答问题，而简答题则是考生自己按要求回答问题。既然阅读简答题与传统阅读理解题有其相通之处，那么有些用于做阅读理解的方法也完全可以用于做阅读简答题。比如做阅读理解经常用的“跳读法”，即根据问题信息跳跃性地阅读文章的某些段落或某些句子，以加强阅读的针对性、节约阅读时间和提高阅读效率，此法用于做阅读简答题也完全适合。
三、科学浓缩关键信息
根据简答题给分标准和扣分标准可以看出，简答题的答案不仅要求内容正确，而且要求语言无错。所以同学们在答题时，最好是先从原文中找到相应的答题依据，然后再根据试题的词数要求，用规定的词数将答案写出来。写答案时，既要充分利用文章中的“原句”，但又不能完全照搬（因为照搬是要扣分的！），要注意抓住其中的关键信息，同时用自己的话将关键信息表达出来，使之成为一个语法正确、表意完整的句子或短语。
四、尽量规避语法错误
规避语法错误主要从以下几个方面着手：一是查句子结构是否完整，二是查谓语动词是否有时态、语态、搭配、及物性等方面的错误，三是查从句（尤其是定语从句）的使用是否准确，四是查省略句的省略是否合理。特别是有关省略句的问题，由于命题对回答问题的词数作了限制，所以考生在答题时通常会采用省略句式。
【实例分析】
下面请看一篇湖南卷高考真题（2008年卷）：
Every January， Breckenridge hosts the International Show Sculpture Championships. Fourteen teams travel from all over the world to Switzerland to compete. Teams sculpt for sixty-five hours over five days. Each team hopes that when the time is up， its sculpture will be judged the best.
As the championship begins， the fourteen teams are faced with huge blocks of snow that weigh twenty tons each. The sculptors bring out their favorite tools that work best on the hard iced snow， but they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity.
Most teams are inspired by what they have seen in daily life. For example， one team carved a teapot with tea pouring out. Another team sculpted a little cat on its hind feed（后脚） reaching into a fish bowl complete with water ripples（涟漪） and a crab（螃蟹） trying to attack the cat. In 2006， Team USA sculpted a golden dog looking at its image reflected in a mirror. To create the effect that the little dog saw its reflection in the glass， the artists carved two dogs facing each other with their paws （脚爪） touching.
As the final hours of the competition tick by， exhausted team members add last-minute details. They use small brooms to brush off snow caught in tiny holes. One team member counts down the last five minutes while others are busy cleaning up the tools. If they leave any tools behind， they will be out. When the whistle blows， everyone must step away from the sculpture. The judges then vote on creativity， technical skill， and visual impact（视觉效果） of the designs.
In 2006， Team USA took firs place for their golden dog sculpture titled “Discovery”. But the competition is not just about medals and ribbon. “It’s not about the prize，” said Rob Neyland， Team USA’s captain. “It’s about touching the audience. ”
Every year， as the championship ends， each team is already dreaming of the next masterpiece it will design.
1. What kind of tools are the sculptures NOT permitted to use? （回答词数不超过6个）
2. What gives the sculptors ideas for their creative work? （回答词数不超过9个）
3. Why did Team USA win the competition in 2006? （回答词数不超过15个）
【参考答案】
1. The tools that use electricity. 根据第二段中的 The sculptors bring out their favorite tools that work best on the hard iced snow， but they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity 可知答案。其中的关键信息是 they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity，但由于答题要求规定答案不能超过6个词，所以用 The tools that use electricity。
2. The things they have seen in daily life. 根据第三段第一句话 Most teams are inspired by what they have seen in daily life 可知答案，其中最关键的信息是 what they have seen in daily life。考虑到该信息中的 what 与问句中的 what 重复，故将 what they have seen in daily life 中的what改为与之同义的 the things。
3. Because its sculpture was judged the best for creativity， technical skills and visual impact. 根据第四段最后一句话 The judges then vote on creativity， technical skill， and visual impact（视觉效果） of the designs 可知，裁判评判的标准是看其 creativity， technical skill， and visual impact（视觉效果），而美国队在2006年的比赛中获得了冠军，说明其作品在 creativity， technical skill， and visual impact 这几个方面一定是最好的（the best）。（编辑 周贞雄）
一、充分熟悉评分规则
简答题的评分原则及标准是：要求学生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时同时考虑内容和语言，每题满分为2分，最低分为0分。具体的给分标准为：答出全部内容且语言正确者得2分，答出部分内容且语言正确者得1分，没有答对问题者不得分。
此题的扣分标准是：语言错误每处扣0.5分，每题语言错误扣分不超过0.5分（标点符号和大小写错误忽略不计）；涉及无关内容者扣0.5分；若答案中有互相矛盾的内容，则内容互相矛盾的部分皆不得分；整句原封不动照搬，扣0.5分；答案超过规定词数者扣0.5分。注：若答案涵盖两个方面，而考生只答对其中一个方面时，答错的一方面则在扣除1分后不再以多余信息另外扣分，但其中如有语言错误则再扣0.5分。
二、尽量套用阅读理解的答题方法
阅读简答题与普通的阅读理解题既有相似之处，也有不同之处。相似的是两者均需先阅读文章，然后再回答问题；不同的是，传统的阅读理解题，只要求从给定的四个选项中选择一个回答问题，而简答题则是考生自己按要求回答问题。既然阅读简答题与传统阅读理解题有其相通之处，那么有些用于做阅读理解的方法也完全可以用于做阅读简答题。比如做阅读理解经常用的“跳读法”，即根据问题信息跳跃性地阅读文章的某些段落或某些句子，以加强阅读的针对性、节约阅读时间和提高阅读效率，此法用于做阅读简答题也完全适合。
三、科学浓缩关键信息
根据简答题给分标准和扣分标准可以看出，简答题的答案不仅要求内容正确，而且要求语言无错。所以同学们在答题时，最好是先从原文中找到相应的答题依据，然后再根据试题的词数要求，用规定的词数将答案写出来。写答案时，既要充分利用文章中的“原句”，但又不能完全照搬（因为照搬是要扣分的！），要注意抓住其中的关键信息，同时用自己的话将关键信息表达出来，使之成为一个语法正确、表意完整的句子或短语。
四、尽量规避语法错误
规避语法错误主要从以下几个方面着手：一是查句子结构是否完整，二是查谓语动词是否有时态、语态、搭配、及物性等方面的错误，三是查从句（尤其是定语从句）的使用是否准确，四是查省略句的省略是否合理。特别是有关省略句的问题，由于命题对回答问题的词数作了限制，所以考生在答题时通常会采用省略句式。
【实例分析】
下面请看一篇湖南卷高考真题（2008年卷）：
Every January， Breckenridge hosts the International Show Sculpture Championships. Fourteen teams travel from all over the world to Switzerland to compete. Teams sculpt for sixty-five hours over five days. Each team hopes that when the time is up， its sculpture will be judged the best.
As the championship begins， the fourteen teams are faced with huge blocks of snow that weigh twenty tons each. The sculptors bring out their favorite tools that work best on the hard iced snow， but they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity.
Most teams are inspired by what they have seen in daily life. For example， one team carved a teapot with tea pouring out. Another team sculpted a little cat on its hind feed（后脚） reaching into a fish bowl complete with water ripples（涟漪） and a crab（螃蟹） trying to attack the cat. In 2006， Team USA sculpted a golden dog looking at its image reflected in a mirror. To create the effect that the little dog saw its reflection in the glass， the artists carved two dogs facing each other with their paws （脚爪） touching.
As the final hours of the competition tick by， exhausted team members add last-minute details. They use small brooms to brush off snow caught in tiny holes. One team member counts down the last five minutes while others are busy cleaning up the tools. If they leave any tools behind， they will be out. When the whistle blows， everyone must step away from the sculpture. The judges then vote on creativity， technical skill， and visual impact（视觉效果） of the designs.
In 2006， Team USA took firs place for their golden dog sculpture titled “Discovery”. But the competition is not just about medals and ribbon. “It’s not about the prize，” said Rob Neyland， Team USA’s captain. “It’s about touching the audience. ”
Every year， as the championship ends， each team is already dreaming of the next masterpiece it will design.
1. What kind of tools are the sculptures NOT permitted to use? （回答词数不超过6个）
2. What gives the sculptors ideas for their creative work? （回答词数不超过9个）
3. Why did Team USA win the competition in 2006? （回答词数不超过15个）
【参考答案】
1. The tools that use electricity. 根据第二段中的 The sculptors bring out their favorite tools that work best on the hard iced snow， but they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity 可知答案。其中的关键信息是 they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity，但由于答题要求规定答案不能超过6个词，所以用 The tools that use electricity。
2. The things they have seen in daily life. 根据第三段第一句话 Most teams are inspired by what they have seen in daily life 可知答案，其中最关键的信息是 what they have seen in daily life。考虑到该信息中的 what 与问句中的 what 重复，故将 what they have seen in daily life 中的what改为与之同义的 the things。
3. Because its sculpture was judged the best for creativity， technical skills and visual impact. 根据第四段最后一句话 The judges then vote on creativity， technical skill， and visual impact（视觉效果） of the designs 可知，裁判评判的标准是看其 creativity， technical skill， and visual impact（视觉效果），而美国队在2006年的比赛中获得了冠军，说明其作品在 creativity， technical skill， and visual impact 这几个方面一定是最好的（the best）。（编辑 周贞雄）