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在杂文文体的诸种特征中、若以阕读经验来论说,最易感受到的恐怕当数幽默与讽刺。但是,如果我们想要寻根究底的话,它又最为赜隐,最难梳理。这里为了避免骼于“剪不断,理还乱”的状态,我把它限定在一般的理论描述中。幽默二字,来自英文Humour,中文里原本没有完全对应的词汇,现在译为幽默是一种音译(也有意译的成份),这是被称为幽默大师的林语堂先生的创见。由此约定俗成,沿用至今。考其Humour的原意,乃有“会心的微笑”,“只可意会的诙谐”谑而不虐”等内容。《牛津英语词典》为它下的定义是:“行为、谈吐、文章中足以使人逗乐、发笑或消遣的特点;欣赏和表达这些特点的能力。”由此可见它有以下几个特点:一是要有趣味,二是要能逗笑,三是只可意会不说破它。这样一来,幽默的逻辑线索就出来了:所谓幽默,首先是要有情趣,要能引人发笑,但又不揭穿,幽然默识即可,开怀大笑便不是幽默了。它表明幽默非常讲究度,只须存乎于心,点到为止,过了度便作它种范畴观。许是都看见了这一点的缘故,尽管关于幽默的定义种种,但最为流行的还是“轻微的讽刺”一说。幽默和讽刺是两个既有联系又有区别的概念。说它们有联系是说它们都是主体对客体的一种认识方式,是主体机智的一种特殊外射:说他们有区别是说它们都具有自身的特点,幽默是带着一种善意会心的微笑来对社会和人生做出审美评价的,而讽刺则多些火药味,它主要借助艺术夸张的笔墨和真实的力量,无情地谴责一切不合理的和反常的社会现象,具有一定的杀伤力和破坏性,但绝不恶意中伤。正如鲁迅先生所言:“他的讽刺,在希望他们改善,并非要捺到水底里。”“如果貌似讽刺的作品,而毫无善意,也毫无热情,只使读者觉得一切世事,一无足取,也一无可为,邪就并非讽刺了,这便是所谓‘冷嘲’”。由此可见,幽默也好,讽刺也罢,都是主体对现实社会的一种人生态度,都是对一切不合理现象的一种臧否方式。为了论述的方便,本文在以下的探索中,将大而化之把它们“模糊”地视为一个概念。
Among the various traits of essay stylistics, the most likely to be felt is the sense of humor and irony if they are based on the experience of reading. However, if we want to find a solution, it is the most covert and difficult to sort out. In order to avoid the skeletal “stateless, unrestrained,” I confine it to a general description of the theory. The word humor comes from the English Humor, which is originally not fully matched in Chinese. Now translated into humor as a transliteration (also translated as a component of intention), which is the creation of Mr. Lin Yutang who is called a master of humor. By this convention, still in use. The original meaning of the test is Humor, “knowing the smile”, “only humorous” ridicule without abuse. “The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as follows:” behavior, conversation, articles Enough to make people funny, funny or recreational characteristics; ability to appreciate and express these characteristics. “This shows that it has the following characteristics: First, to have fun, the second is to be funny, the third is only intended to break it. Thus, the humorous logical clues came out: the so-called humor, first of all Have fun, to be able to make people laugh, but not exposing, you can quietly acquiescence, laughter is not a humorous .It shows that humor is very particular about the degree, only to be in the heart, when it comes, after This is the reason why Xu saw it, though the most common definition of humor is ”slight irony.“ Humor and satire are two connections and differences Saying that they are related in that they are both a subject’s way of knowing objects and a special kind of outsider of the subject’s wit: to say that they differ in that they all have their own characteristics and that humor carries a A smile of kindness and knowing will make an aesthetic evaluation of society and life, while satire is more of a gunpowder flavor. It mainly relentlessly denounces all unreasonable and anomalous social phenomena with the help of artistic exaggeration of ink and true force, Killing and destructive but never Intended to slander as Mr. Lu Xun said:. ”His irony, in the hope that they will improve, not to flick to the bottom inside. If the seemingly satirical work has no goodwill and no enthusiasm, it is not ironic that evil is not ironic simply because the reader feels that everything can be done for nothing. It is the so-called ’ridicule’ It can be seen, humorous, ironic worth mentioning, are the main body of a realistic attitude to life, are all irrational phenomenon a Zang no way.In order to discuss the convenience of this article in the following exploration, They will be treated as “fuzzy” as a concept.