论文部分内容阅读
在教学中，我发现大多数学生上交的作文很明显是一次成稿的，通常存在以下问题：作文思路狭窄，文章结构松散，缺乏逻辑性，内容肤浅，语法、词序或拼写等表层错误较多，这些错误不是经过几次写作训练就可以解决的, 而是需要师生双方不断地认识和克服，最终提高写作水平。
在课堂上，我先介绍一篇高考满分作文，并分析：必需覆盖题目提出的所有要点和要求；要学会应用一些高级的词汇、句型；语法必需多样化并含一些较为复杂的语法；有效地使用语句间的连接词，使全文结构紧凑。
My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations
It is known to us all that some students cheat in exams at school. As students, we often take exams at school, but sometimes we have too many exams which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. So when taking exams, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.
In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in exams because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in exams. What’s more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for exams.
接下来，我告诉学生，要写出一篇好的作文，必需注重以下步骤：审题、抓要点、拓展成句、连句成文、修改、誊写。
第一步：练习写简单句
1. 主语+系动词+表语。如：My mother has been away for a month.
2. 主语+不及物动词。如：Sandy is singing.
3. 主语+及物动词+宾语。如：He admits that he was mistaken.
4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如：I showed him my picture.= I showed my picture to him./ He bought you a dictionary.= He bought a dictionary for you.
5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补。如：They appointed him manager.
第二步：学会写并列句
常用的关联词表示并列关系、转折关系、归纳总结、对照、递进关系、先后次序关系、顺序关系等，我在教学过程中分别详讲并举例。如：and, also, even so, however, in other words, on the whole, yet, still, for all of that, furthermore, moreover, previously, stimultaneously, at the outset, following this.
第三步：练习运用复合句
1. 名词性从句。（1）主语从句，引导主语从句的词很多，连词只起连接作用，不充当句子成分；连接代词、连接副词在句中充当一定的句子成分。如：It’s+adj./n. (true/ important/ necessary/ clear/ certain/ well-known/ a duty等)+that... (2)宾语从句，如：Some people believe / argue/ hold/ insist/ think that...（3）同位语从句，常跟在fact, idea, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope等后面，用以说明或解释前面的名词。如：There is no doubt that......（4）表语从句，如：The fact is that......
2. 形容词性从句。具有形容词功能，在复合句中做定语的从句被称之为形容词性从句或定语从句。被修饰的词、词组或代词被称为先行词。形容词性从句分为两种类型：由关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的从句；由关系副词when, where，why引导的从句。
将简单句合并为定语从句有三个步骤：找出先行词：确定主句、从句：分析先行词在定语从句中的成分（做主语、宾语或状语），选择合适的关系词。如：The boy was at Center School last year. He helped us a lot.找出先行词the boy,确定主句为“The boy was at Center School last year”,从句为“He helped us a lot”,分析先行词在定语从句中的成分并选择合适的引导词，然后将两个句子合并：The boy helped us a lot who/ that was at Center School last year.
3. 副词性从句。副词性从句也称为状语从句，主要用来修饰主句或者主句的谓语。（1）时间状语从句，如：I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked.（2）地点状语从句，如：Where there is smoke, there is fire.（3）原因状语从句，如：Pets should be forbidden because they may spread diseases and damage the cityscape.（4）目的状语从句，如：Old people should be encouraged to live in a nursing house so that they can enjoy professional care and first-rate facilities. （5）结果状语从句，如：It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.（6）条件状语从句，如：We’ll start our project if the president agrees.（7）让步状语从句，如：No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.（8）比较状语从句，如：The more you exercises, the healthier you will be.（9）方式状语从句，如：She behaved as if she was the boss.
以简单句为线索，结合并列句和复合句教学，可训练学生的基础写作能力。在教学中，教师要采用加强句型训练、造句练习等方法。造句练习可以和词汇教学、句型教学以及语法教学相结合，还可用连词成句、译句、仿写句子等形式，使学生学会使用多种手法、句式，表达同一意思，使文章生动活泼。要写出高质量的作文，并非一日之功，需要学习者平时用心多观察、多模仿、多练习，才能在写完作文后获得一种“如释重负”的感觉。
责任编辑魏文琦
在课堂上，我先介绍一篇高考满分作文，并分析：必需覆盖题目提出的所有要点和要求；要学会应用一些高级的词汇、句型；语法必需多样化并含一些较为复杂的语法；有效地使用语句间的连接词，使全文结构紧凑。
My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations
It is known to us all that some students cheat in exams at school. As students, we often take exams at school, but sometimes we have too many exams which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. So when taking exams, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.
In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in exams because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in exams. What’s more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for exams.
接下来，我告诉学生，要写出一篇好的作文，必需注重以下步骤：审题、抓要点、拓展成句、连句成文、修改、誊写。
第一步：练习写简单句
1. 主语+系动词+表语。如：My mother has been away for a month.
2. 主语+不及物动词。如：Sandy is singing.
3. 主语+及物动词+宾语。如：He admits that he was mistaken.
4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如：I showed him my picture.= I showed my picture to him./ He bought you a dictionary.= He bought a dictionary for you.
5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补。如：They appointed him manager.
第二步：学会写并列句
常用的关联词表示并列关系、转折关系、归纳总结、对照、递进关系、先后次序关系、顺序关系等，我在教学过程中分别详讲并举例。如：and, also, even so, however, in other words, on the whole, yet, still, for all of that, furthermore, moreover, previously, stimultaneously, at the outset, following this.
第三步：练习运用复合句
1. 名词性从句。（1）主语从句，引导主语从句的词很多，连词只起连接作用，不充当句子成分；连接代词、连接副词在句中充当一定的句子成分。如：It’s+adj./n. (true/ important/ necessary/ clear/ certain/ well-known/ a duty等)+that... (2)宾语从句，如：Some people believe / argue/ hold/ insist/ think that...（3）同位语从句，常跟在fact, idea, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope等后面，用以说明或解释前面的名词。如：There is no doubt that......（4）表语从句，如：The fact is that......
2. 形容词性从句。具有形容词功能，在复合句中做定语的从句被称之为形容词性从句或定语从句。被修饰的词、词组或代词被称为先行词。形容词性从句分为两种类型：由关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的从句；由关系副词when, where，why引导的从句。
将简单句合并为定语从句有三个步骤：找出先行词：确定主句、从句：分析先行词在定语从句中的成分（做主语、宾语或状语），选择合适的关系词。如：The boy was at Center School last year. He helped us a lot.找出先行词the boy,确定主句为“The boy was at Center School last year”,从句为“He helped us a lot”,分析先行词在定语从句中的成分并选择合适的引导词，然后将两个句子合并：The boy helped us a lot who/ that was at Center School last year.
3. 副词性从句。副词性从句也称为状语从句，主要用来修饰主句或者主句的谓语。（1）时间状语从句，如：I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked.（2）地点状语从句，如：Where there is smoke, there is fire.（3）原因状语从句，如：Pets should be forbidden because they may spread diseases and damage the cityscape.（4）目的状语从句，如：Old people should be encouraged to live in a nursing house so that they can enjoy professional care and first-rate facilities. （5）结果状语从句，如：It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.（6）条件状语从句，如：We’ll start our project if the president agrees.（7）让步状语从句，如：No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.（8）比较状语从句，如：The more you exercises, the healthier you will be.（9）方式状语从句，如：She behaved as if she was the boss.
以简单句为线索，结合并列句和复合句教学，可训练学生的基础写作能力。在教学中，教师要采用加强句型训练、造句练习等方法。造句练习可以和词汇教学、句型教学以及语法教学相结合，还可用连词成句、译句、仿写句子等形式，使学生学会使用多种手法、句式，表达同一意思，使文章生动活泼。要写出高质量的作文，并非一日之功，需要学习者平时用心多观察、多模仿、多练习，才能在写完作文后获得一种“如释重负”的感觉。
责任编辑魏文琦