论文部分内容阅读
★根据西方史学界流行的观点,所谓的拿破仑战争时期是以1 799年11月9日拿破仑·波拿巴推翻法国督政府统治并建立执政府、确立独裁地位开始,以1815年6月18日法国在滑铁卢战役中失败并于同年11月20日与欧洲各国签订《巴黎和约》而结束的。对于欧洲各国而言,这一时期是帆船时代海军战争艺术发展的最高峰,而这个高峰的顶点无疑就是1805年的特拉法尔加大海战。帆船时代海上会战的典型模式是首先通过一系列复杂而耗时的机动将舰只排成一字纵队,然后用舷侧火炮猛烈轰击敌舰使其丧失战斗力,最后通过俘获敌舰或迫使敌舰投降而结束战斗。★当时欧洲国家海军中的主力装备仍然是前装滑膛火炮。虽说这种滑膛火炮的发射原理和基本结构与200多年前无敌舰队时代的火炮并无二致,但潜移默化的技术进步也改变了一些方面。比如火炮击发装置的改进、定装发射药包的普及、火炮轮架与索具设计上的不断完善,以及更为精良的大口径臼炮的出现等,不过它们都未能改变帆船时代海战的本质。首先,在颠簸的海面上,由于缺乏射击稳定装置和有效的瞄准装置,舰载火炮仍很难实现精确射击;其次,弹药技术的停滞不前也使接舷战这种古老战法仍有用武之地。那是一个传统和革新并存(前者似乎还要占些上风)的时代,是一个海军史上的文艺复兴时代。★对于那段历史感兴趣的朋友们,可能都会对反映那个时代英国皇家海军的影视作品中经常提起的“在这个世界上没有什么力量能够阻止英格兰和国王陛下的海军”这样的豪言壮语留下深刻的印象。这虽然有些夸大其词,却也道出了部分事实:英国皇家海军确实在那个时代的大多数时候都牢牢控制着世界的海洋。相反,法国海军的作战能力却备受质疑,通过在作战时热衷于抢占下风口和向敌舰的风帆索具射击等方面,人们就可以看出法国人缺乏高昂的士气和必胜的决心。不过,法国人在巡航舰(fr igate)的使用上却也颇有独到之处,能够为他们的海上补给线提供保护。
★ According to the popular view of Western historians, the so-called Napoleonic War started on November 9, 1899, with Napoleon Bonaparte overthrowing the French Governor’s Government and establishing a ruling government to establish a dictatorship. Beginning on June 18, 1815 France ended in the Battle of Waterloo and signed the Treaty of Paris with the European countries on November 20 of the same year. For all European countries, this period was the culmination of the artistic development of naval warfare in the era of sailing. The culmination of this peak is undoubtedly the increase of naval battle in Trafalgar in 1805. A typical model of the sea battles at the time of the sailing ship was to first line the ships through a series of complex and time-consuming maneuvers and then use the side-mounted artillery to violently bombard the enemy ships so that they would lose their combat effectiveness. Finally, by capturing the enemy ships or forcing the enemy ships to surrender And end the fight. ★ At that time, the main equipment of the European navy was still the former smooth-bore gun. Although the principle and basic structure of the launch of this smooth-bore gun are not different from those of the Ares-era more than 200 years ago, some subtle technological advances have also changed some aspects. Such as the improvement of artillery firing devices, the popularization of the fixed launch kits, the continuous improvement of artillery wheel rigs and rigging design, and the emergence of more sophisticated large-caliber mortars, all of which failed to change the naval battle of the sailing age Nature. First of all, on a bumpy sea surface, it is still very difficult to achieve accurate firearms on shipborne artillery because of the lack of fire stabilizers and effective aiming devices. Second, the stagnant ammunition technology has also made the use of the ancient battle of sidewalks. Ground It was an era in which tradition and innovation coexisted (the former seemed to have the upper hand) and was a Renaissance era in naval history. For those of you who are interested in that period of history, you may all be reminded of what is often said in the film and television works of the Royal Navy of that era: “There is no force in this world capable of stopping the Navy of England and His Majesty.” Under the deep impression. Although this is somewhat exaggerated, it also shows some facts: The Royal British Navy did control the world’s oceans most of the time. On the contrary, the operational capability of the French Navy has been questioned. Through their keen seizing of the outlet during the war and the shooting of sail rigging to the enemy ships, one can see that the French lacked the morale and determination to win. However, the French are also quite unique in their use of fr igate, providing protection for their offshore supply lines.