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按照国际惯例,失业率在5%以下,属于充分就业状态;在5%~10%时,进入失业预警线;超过10%时,则会酿成重大的社会和政治问题。而日本失业率从未超过5.5%,与其经济发展走势相比,呈现出有悖于经济学理论的长期低水平的状态。其实,是由于日本的国情与其他国家不同,从而影响了失业率。具体来说,除了经济因素本身之外,还涉及到社会制度和文化因素。日本式经营管理方式是直接原因,包括终身雇佣制、年功序列制、企业工会。终身雇佣制度为员工和企业提供了一种“连带性”的保证,在这个基础上,工资采取了“年功序列”制度。虽然并不是所有日本企业都采用这种方式,不过,作为日本整体则存在这种倾向性。“以社为家”的文化认同是根本原因。日本的企业文化带有家族色彩,一个企业犹如一个大家庭,在这个企业里的员工不论职位高低,也不论收入多少,都有一种“认同感”。也就是,与个人相比,企业这个集体才是重要的。我们主张中国企业和员工吸收日本企业的某些优点,如“企业一家亲”和“命运共同体”的概念,热爱自己的职业和工作单位。
In accordance with international practice, the unemployment rate below 5% belongs to the full employment status; when it reaches 5% ~ 10%, it enters the warning line of unemployment; when it exceeds 10%, it will cause major social and political problems. While Japan's unemployment rate never exceeded 5.5%, showing a long-term low-level state that is contrary to economic theory as compared to its economic development. Actually, this is because Japan's national conditions are different from those of other countries, thus affecting the unemployment rate. Specifically, in addition to the economic factors themselves, but also related to the social system and cultural factors. Japanese-style business management is the direct cause, including life-long employment system, the system of annual succession, corporate unions. Lifelong employment system provides employees and businesses with a “joint and several” guarantee, on this basis, the wage adopted “year work sequence ” system. Although this is not the case for all Japanese companies, this tendency exists as a whole in Japan. “To the community as a ” cultural identity is the root cause. Japan's corporate culture with a family color, a business like a big family, employees in this business, regardless of job level, regardless of income how much, there is a “identity ”. That is, this collective of businesses is important compared to individuals. We advocate that Chinese enterprises and employees absorb certain advantages of Japanese enterprises, such as the concept of “business and family” and “community of destiny”, and love their professions and work units.