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一、导言1946年第二次世界大战结束以后,人们建立了关税及贸易总协定,试图建立一个自由及开放的贸易体制。同时,在美国布雷顿森林,在国际货币基金组织协议规定下,固定汇率制度也得以建立,这样一个稳定的全球性贸易和货币制度终于建立起来了。于是就迎来了一个前所未有的世界贸易稳步发展和经济紧密地相互依赖的时期。世界贸易量在1953—1963年间以平均5.6%的速度增长,在1963—1973年间平均增长率为8.5%,这比1873—1913年间的3.5%和1913—1939年间的0.9%要高的多。战后世界贸易额及其数量前所未有的增长给亚太各国的经济,包括日本和四个NIEs,提供了一个稳定的经济增长环境。因此,在过去的25年间,东亚新兴工业国已经成为世界上中等收入国家
I. INTRODUCTION Following the conclusion of the Second World War in 1946, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was established in an attempt to establish a free and open trading system. At the same time, in the Bretton Woods in the United States, a fixed exchange rate system was established under the terms of the International Monetary Fund and a stable global trade and monetary system was finally established. Thus, ushered in an unprecedented period of steady development of world trade and economic interdependence. World trade grew at an average rate of 5.6% between 1953 and 1963, with an average growth rate of 8.5% between 1963 and 1973, which was much higher than 3.5% in 1873-1913 and 0.9% in 1913-1939. The unprecedented growth in post-war world trade and its volume has provided a stable economic growth environment for the economies of the Asia-Pacific countries, including Japan and the four NIEs. Therefore, in the past 25 years, the newly industrialized East Asian countries have become the middle-income countries in the world