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随着经济全球化的推进,技术创新在国家竞争力和经济增长中扮演着越来越重要的角色。技术创新的根本性源泉是企业 R&D。不过,受其正溢出效应的影响,企业 R&D 经常会出现投资不足;结果,限制了技术的持续创新。为此,世界各国都将补贴或资助企业 R&D 作为最重要的技术创新政策。但政府对企业 R&D 活动的过高补贴,因易造成不公平竞争,又会对国际贸易和自由竞争构成威胁,并影响经济全球化的进程。为此,乌拉圭回合通过的《补贴和反补贴措施协议》对WTO 成员国企业 R&D 所允许补贴的范围、水平和合法成本项目进行了严格的规定。迄今,该协议已成为美国、欧盟等发达国家或集团修改或制定研究和开发补贴政策的依据。我国企业 R&D 投资相对不足。从国际通行的衡量指标——商业企业部门 R&D 支出占GDP 的比重来看,我国1998年仅为0.32,不及同期 OECD 国家平均水平的1/4。除了经济发展阶段和企业研发能力等因素外,多数
With the advancing of economic globalization, technological innovation plays an increasingly important role in national competitiveness and economic growth. The fundamental source of technological innovation is enterprise R & D. However, under the influence of its positive spillover effect, the under-investment of enterprises R & D often occurs; as a result, the continuous innovation of technology is limited. To this end, all countries in the world subsidize or fund enterprise R & D as the most important technological innovation policy. However, excessive government subsidies for R & D activities of enterprises cause unfair competition because of its vulnerability, threaten international trade and free competition, and affect the process of economic globalization. To this end, the “Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures” adopted by the Uruguay Round has imposed strict rules on the scope, level and legal cost of allowances granted to R & D by enterprises in WTO member countries. So far, the agreement has become the basis for the developed countries or groups such as the United States and the European Union to revise or formulate their research and development subsidy policies. Chinese enterprises R & D investment is relatively inadequate. Judging from the internationally accepted measure of R & D expenditure of commercial enterprises as a share of GDP, our country was only 0.32 in 1998, less than a quarter of the OECD national average over the same period. In addition to economic development stage and corporate R & D capabilities and other factors, the majority